Lecture 22 & 23 - Nutrition and ageing 1 + 2

Question 1

name the 4 types of molecular damage experienced during ageing

Answer 1

DNA damage, protein damage (misfolding), lipid damage, epigenetic changes

Question 2

which type of cholesterol increases the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 2

LDL-cholesterol

Question 3

name some of the mechanisms through which the mediterranean diet may influence hallmarks of ageing

Answer 3

decreased oxidative stress, decreased inflammation, increased oxidative capacity, increased autophagy, decreased protein aggregation, regulated insulin signalling, altered DNA methylation, decreased DNA damage

Question 4

an increase in which plasma molecule is a risk factor for alzheimer’s disease? what does it do to the brain’s size?

Answer 4

plasma homocysteine, shrinks brain (atrophy)

Question 5

which substance, found in fruit and veg, can reduce levels of plasma homocysteine, reducing risk to alzheimer’s therefore?

Answer 5

folate (vitamin B)

Question 6

name two things which adherence to the mediterranean diet can reduce in those who are ageing/have mild cognitive decline

Answer 6

decreased brain atrophy and improved cognition

Question 7

which gene increases the risk of dementia?

Answer 7

APOE4

Question 8

what does having the gene APOE4 lead to the aggregation/phosphorylation of?

Answer 8

aggregation of AB fibers, phosphorylation and formation of tau fibers

Question 9

caloric restriction has been found to ….. lifespan by …… TOR activity in model organisms such as c elegans

Answer 9

increase, decreasing

Question 10

name 3 hallmarks of dietary restriction in the kidneys

Answer 10

decreased diabetic nephropathy, decreased renal fibrosis, increased glomerular filtration

Question 11

name 3 hallmarks of dietary restriction in cardiovascular disease

Answer 11

decreased atherosclerosis, increased postischaemic recovery, decreased cardiac fibrosis

Question 12

name 3 hallmarks of dietary restriction related to excess adiposity and diabetes

Answer 12

decreased adiposity, increased insulin sensitivity, increased glucose tolerance

Question 13

name 3 hallmarks of dietary restriction related to autoimmune disease/inflammation

Answer 13

decreased inflammation, increased stem cell self-renewal, decreased autoimmunity

Question 14

name 3 hallmarks of dietary restriction related to cancer

Answer 14

decreased cancer onset/burden, decreased chemotoxicity damage, increased genomic stability

Question 15

name 3 hallmarks of dietary restriction related to neurodegenerative disease

Answer 15

reduced amyloid deposition, atrophy and neuroinflammation

Question 16

when is the optimal time for intervention for decreasing age related disease?

Answer 16

between multi-system loss and single morbidity (before multimorbidities start)

Question 17

by how many years is obesity said to age the brain?

Answer 17

10 years