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Nervous System > Lecture 2.2: Neural Components and Networks > Flashcards

Lecture 2.2: Neural Components and Networks Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 Types of Cells in the Nervous System?

A

1) Neuroglia
2) Neurones

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2
Q

What are the Roles of Neuroglia? (3)

A
  • Ensure structure, support, nourishment and
    protection
  • More numerous than neurons (3:1)
  • Maintain ionic state, scaffolding, aid recovery/
    restructure
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3
Q

What are the Roles of Neurones? (3)

A
  • Functional units of the nervous system (89 billion in
    the brain)
  • React to chemical and sensory stimuli
  • Conduction of impulses
  • Emit specific chemical regulators
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4
Q

What Neuroglia are found in the CNS? (4)

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal Cells
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5
Q

What does the CNS consist of? (2)

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
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6
Q

What is the Role of Astrocytes?

A

Maintain electrochemical environment for neurones
and help form the BBB

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7
Q

What is the Role of Oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelinate neurons in the CNS

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8
Q

What is the Role of Microglia?

A
  • Macrophage-like cells
  • Scavengers, modulate inflammation, cell turnover and
    death
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9
Q

What is the Role of Ependymal Cells?

A

Control the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain metabolism, and waste clearance

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10
Q

What Neuroglia are found in the PNS? (2)

A
  • Schwann Cells
  • Satellite Cells
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11
Q

What is the Role of Schwann Cells?

A

Myelination of Axons

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12
Q

What is the Role of Satellite Cells?

A

Maintain electrochemical environment for neurones in the PNS, sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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13
Q

What are Synapses?

A

Junctions that allow information to be transferred from 1 neurone to another neurone or from a motor neurone to a skeletal muscle fibre

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14
Q

What are the 2 Types of Synapses?

A
  • Chemical (most common)
  • Electrical
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15
Q

How do Electrical Synapses work?

A
  • Pre and post-synaptic membranes are linked via gap
    junctions
  • Chemical signals simply diffuse through
  • Quicker
  • Allows mass coordination of neurones
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16
Q

What are the 2 Broad Categories of Neurotransmitters?

A

1) Small Molecule Neurotransmitters
2) Neuropeptides

17
Q

Examples of Small Molecule Neurotransmitters (7)

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • GABA
  • Dopamine
  • Adrenaline
  • Noradrenaline
  • Serotonin
  • Histamine
18
Q

What are Neuromodulators?

A
  • Subset of neurotransmitters
  • Do not act directly on ion channels
  • Act diffusely, at a distance
  • Slower action: often modulate synaptic transmission,
    often via presynaptic GPCRs
19
Q

Why are Neuromodulators important?

A

Important molecular targets for CNS-active drugs

20
Q

Botulinum Toxin MoA

A

Toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leads to paralysis

21
Q

What is Motor Neurone Disease?

A
  • Group of disorders that leads to loss of motor
    neurones
  • Progressive
  • Upper / lower or combined motor neuron signs
  • Poor prognosis
22
Q

How is diagnosis of Motor Neurone Disease done?

A
  • Normal nerve conduction studies
  • MRI brain may show cortical atrophy
23
Q

What is the Treatment of Motor Neurone Disease?

A

Only supportive

24
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A
  • 2 or more, separate, episodes of CNS demyelination
  • Plaques seen in white matter of brain or spinal cord
  • More commonly - per-ventricular/corpus callosum/
    optic tracts
  • Oligoclonal bands in CSF
25
Q

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (8)

A
  • Fatigue
  • Difficulty Walking
  • Vision Problems
  • Problems controlling the Bladder
  • Numbness/Tingling
  • Muscle Stiffness & Spasms
  • Problems with balance and co-ordination
  • Problems with thinking, learning and planning
26
Q

What are Oligoclonal Bands in CSF? What do they indicate?

A
  • They are proteins called immunoglobulins
  • Indicates inflammation of the central nervous system
  • Indicate Multiple Sclerosis
27
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A
  • Rapid onset muscle weakness due to auto-immune
    damage to myelin in the PNS
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Predominantly motor
28
Q

Management of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

A
  • Plasma exchange
  • IV immunoglobulin
  • 20% of patients may need respiratory support
29
Q

Symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (9)

A
  • Difficulty Walking
  • Paralysis
  • Difficulty Breathing
  • Blurred or Double Vision
  • Difficulty Speaking
  • Problems Swallowing/Chewing
  • Difficulty Peeing
  • Constipation
  • Persistent and/or Severe Pain
30
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A
  • Auto-antibodies against acetylcholine receptors:
    Autoimmune synaptopathy
  • Autoimmune destruction of myelin all over
  • This prevents nerve impulses from triggering muscle
31
Q

Symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis (7)

A
  • The more the muscle is used the weaker it becomes
  • Drooping Eye Lids
  • Avoidance of Activities
  • Intermittent Double Vision
  • Issues Chewing Foods
  • Speech Dysarthria
32
Q

Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis (3)

A
  • Cholinesterase Inhibitors
  • Immunosuppression
  • Thymectomy
33
Q

Neurotransmitters & Disease Linkages: Dopamine

A
  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Schizophrenia
34
Q

Neurotransmitters & Disease Linkages: Acetylcholine

A
  • Alzheimer’s Disease
35
Q

Neurotransmitters & Disease Linkages: Dopamine & Noradrenaline

A
  • ADHD
36
Q

Neurotransmitters & Disease Linkages: GABA

A
  • Alcohol Addiction
  • Anxiety

Nervous System (18 decks)

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