Lecture 23

Question 1

Name the structures that compose the following parts of the diencephalon

Roof:
Walls:
Floor:

Answer 1

Roof: Epithalamus

Walls: Thalamus

Floor: Hypothalamus

Question 2

What 2 structures found within the epithalamus are involved in emotional and visceral responses to odrs? which of these also secretes melatonin in order to regulate circadian rhythm? Which of these calcifies with age?

Answer 2

Habenular Nuclei

Pineal body, which also secretes melatonin to regulate circadian rhythm AND calcifies with age

Question 3

What structure of the brain is formed by 80% of the diencephalon? what structure separates this from the hypothalamus?

Answer 3

Thalamus

The Hypothalamic sulcus (groove) separates the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 4

The Thalamus relays all sensory information besides what type of sensory information? Where in the brain does it relay all of this info to?

Answer 4

Smell

The thalamus relays sensory info to the cerebral cortex

Question 5

What type of sensory information does the following nuclei of the thalamus provide? Include where it projects

Medial geniculate body:

Answer 5

Medial geniculate body: Auditory

projects to to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

Question 6

What type of sensory information does the following nuclei of the thalamus provide? Include where it projects

Lateral Geniculate Body:

Answer 6

Lateral geniculate body: Visual

projects to the primary visual cortex in the occipital cortex

Question 7

What type of sensory information does the following nuclei of the thalamus provide?

Ventral posterior nuclei:

Answer 7

Ventral Posterior Nuclei: General sensations and taste

Question 8

What is the Internal capsule composed of? Describe the relationship of the thalamus to the white capsule.

Answer 8

Internal Capsule = collection of white matter tracts that run between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex

Question 9

Compare the function of the posterior portion of the hypothalamus and the anterior portion.

Answer 9

Posterior portion of the hypothalamus: RAISES arterial BP and INCREASES heart rate

Anterior portion of the hypothalamus: LOWERS arterial BP and DECREASES heart rate

“(Run when something is behind you)”

Question 10

The following are all functions of what area of the brain?

Controls/integrates the ANS
Receives and integrates visceral sensory impulses
Serves as an intermediary between the nervous and endocrine systems
associated with rage/aggression
sexual center
maintains ECF volume

Answer 10

The hypothalamus

Question 11

What 2 hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 11

ADH (vasopressin)

Oxytocin

Question 12

Since smell is the only sensory information that does not pass through the thalamus, where does it go instead?

Answer 12

Smell passes through the hypothalamus (NOT the thalamus)

Question 13

What are the mammillary bodies of the Hypothalamus involved in?

Answer 13

Olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors

Question 14

For the following Nuclei of the hypothalamus, state what they are responsible for/involved in.

Supraoptic Nuclei:

Answer 14

Supraoptic nuclei: stimulate the release neurohormones Oxytocin and Vasopressin (aka ADH) from the posterior pituitary, into posterior pituitary capillaries

Question 15

For the following Nuclei of the hypothalamus, state what they are responsible for/involved in.

Suprachiasmatic nuclei:

Answer 15

Suprachiasmatic nuclei: Control circadian rhythms (master biologic clock)

(Set to light-dark cycle by a direct retinal projection)

Question 16

For the following Nuclei of the hypothalamus, state what they are responsible for/involved in.

Paraventricular nuclei:

Answer 16

Paraventricular Nuclei: controls the anterior pituitary by releasing inhibiting hormones into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Question 17

For the following Nuclei of the hypothalamus, state what they are responsible for/involved in.

Medial preoptic area:

Answer 17

Medial preoptic area: larger in males than in females and serves as a temperature regulation center

Question 18

For the following Nuclei of the hypothalamus, state what they are responsible for/involved in.

Tuberal level nuclei:

Answer 18

Tuberal level nuclei: in the “stalk” of the hypothalamus and is a feeding/pleasure center

Question 19

Define Striatum

Answer 19

Striatum: Collection of basal nuclei (basal lamina) that develop on the floor of the telencephalon

Question 20

Define Lamina Terminalis

Answer 20

Lamina Terminalis: Original cephalic boundary of the neural tube that separates the 2 lateral ventricles of the brain

Question 21

Define Pallium

Answer 21

Pallium: primitive roof of the telencephalon that lacks a true cortex AND receives olfactory area sensory input

Question 22

Define Neocortex

Answer 22

Neocortex: the cerebral gray matter of the brain (80% of the brain mass)

Question 23

What lobes of the brain house Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area?

Answer 23

The LEFT Frontal lobe houses Broca’s area

The LEFT Parietal Lobe houses Wernicke’s area

Question 24

State the Lobe of the brain that is being described by the following characteristics.

Somatesthetic (sensory) interpretation
Understanding speech
Formulating words

Answer 24

Parietal lobes

Question 25

State the Lobe of the brain that is being described by the following characteristics. Voluntary motor control Motivation/Aggression Mood/Personality

Answer 25

Frontal lobe

Question 26

State the Lobe of the brain that is being described by the following characteristics. Involved in memory "Psychic cortex" that conducts the highest levels of brain function (abstract thought and judgement)

Answer 26

Insula lobe

Question 27

State the Lobe of the brain that is being described by the following characteristics. Olfactory/Auditory sensations Storage of memory associated with Visual/Auditory experiences

Answer 27

Temporal lobe

Question 28

State the Lobe of the brain that is being described by the following characteristics. Integrates eye focusing movements Visual memory Conscious perception of vision

Answer 28

Occipital

Question 29

State the 4 components of the Telencephalon

Answer 29

Striatum Cerebrum Olfactory tract and bulbs Lamina terminalis "(SCOL)"

Question 30

What 2 structures does the corpus callosum connect?

Answer 30

the neocortex of the 2 hemispheres of the brain

Question 31

What 2 areas of the brain form the Lentiform Nucleus? State the function of these 2 structures

Answer 31

Lentiform nucleus = Putamen + Globus Pallidus Putamen: involved in large subconscious movements of skeletal muscles Globus Pallidus: Regulates muscle tone

Question 32

What 3 nuclei of the Striatum make up the basal ganglia nuclei?

Answer 32

Caudate nucleus Amygdaloid nucleus Putamen "(CAP ; based god the gangster says no cap)"

Question 33

The Dorsal Pars Compacta and Ventral Pars Compacta compose what brain structure? State the secretions of each of these.

Answer 33

Substantia Nigra Dorsal Pars Compacta: Secretes Dopamine (contains Melanin so it's darkly pigmented) Ventral Pars Compacta: secretes Serotonin and GABA (contains Iron)

Question 34

Compare the following types of Tracts in the cerebral hemispheres. Which of these forms the internal capsule? Association: Commissural: Projection:

Answer 34

Association: Connect regions of the SAME hemisphere (confined to one hemisphere) Commissural: interconnect the 2 hemispheres Projection: Connect hemispheres to other parts of the brain/spinal cord (makes up ascending and descending tracts) Forms the internal capsule

Question 35

State the structures that the following association tract connects Arcuate Tracts

Answer 35

Arcuate Tracts: connect adjacent gyri

Question 36

State the structures that the following association tract connects Cingulum:

Answer 36

Cingulum: connects the frontal, parietal and temporal cortical areas on the medial side of each hemisphere (lies just superior to the corpus callosum)

Question 37

State the structures that the following association tract connects Superior longitudinal Fasciculus:

Answer 37

Superior longitudinal Fasciculus: Interconnects areas WITHIN the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

Question 38

State the structures that the following association tract connects Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus:

Answer 38

Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus: Interconnects the frontal lobe with the more posterior parts of it's hemisphere (located underneath the lateral extension of the corpus callosum)

Question 39

What Association tract makes a sharp bend around the lateral fissure? what 2 parts does this association tract connect?

Answer 39

The Uncinate Fasciculus Connects the orbital surface of the Frontal lobe to the Rostral part of the Temporal Lobe (Rostral = towards the forehead ; Caudal = Toward the Cord)

Question 40

Which association tract runs between the occipital and frontal lobes in the lateral part of each hemisphere, UNDER the insula?

Answer 40

Inferior Occipitofrontal fasciculus

Question 41

What is the main tract the interconnects all neocortical areas of all lobes of the brain and therefore allows the sharing of learning and memory?

Answer 41

Corpus Callosum

Question 42

Compare the areas that the following Commissural tracts connect. Anterior Commissure: Posterior Commissure: Hippocampal Commissure:

Answer 42

Anterior Commissure: interconnects areas WITHIN the 2 temporal lobes Posterior Commissure: Connects cerebral hemispheres with superior colliculi Hippocampal Commissure: Interconnects the 2 hippocampal formations

Question 43

Compare the 2 following projection tracts in terms of the direction they send information Corticopetal: Corticofugal:

Answer 43

Corticopetal: TO cerebral cortex from the thalamus (mostly) Corticofugal: FROM the cerebral cortex to the thalamus (and basal nuclei)

Question 44

Compare the 2 following projection tracts in terms of the direction they send information Corticothalamic fibers: Thalamocortical fibers:

Answer 44

Corticothalamic fibers: From Cerebral cortex to thalamus Thalamocortical fibers: from thalamus to cerebral cortex

Question 45

State the 2 projection tracts that are part of the pyramidal tracts

Answer 45

Corticobulbar projections (from motor cortex to CN nuclei in the brain stem) Corticospinal projections (form motor cortex to spinal cord)

Question 46

What structure serves as the major projection system between the hippocampus in the temporal lobe and the diencephalon?

Answer 46

The Fornix

Question 47

What function does the geniculocalcarine tract conduct and where does this signal originate?

Answer 47

Optic radiation, which originates from the lateral geniculate body (goes to the occipital lobe to process visual sensory info)

Question 48

What is Meyer's loop?

Answer 48

the sharp bend that the geniculocalcarine tract takes in its route from the lateral geniculate body to the occipital lobes

Question 49

State the 2 "main" components of the Limbic system. Which of these is especially associated with memory? Which is associated with the emotional component of the learning process?

Answer 49

Amygdaloid body: associated with the emotional component of learning Hippocampus ("seahorse"): associated with memory

Question 50

State the 4 places that the Amygdala receives information from, and the place it sends all of this info.

Answer 50

1. Cerebral cortex 2. Olfactory system 3. Thalamus 4. Brainstem reticular formation Sends all info to the Hypothalamus

Question 51

State what function the following regions of the Amygdala provide. Large Basolateral region: Small Corticomedial group of nuclei: Medial and central nuclei:

Answer 51

Large Basolateral region: provides direct input to the basal ganglia and motor system Small Corticomedial group of nuclei: Related to the olfactory cortex Medial and central nuclei: connected to the hypothalamus

Question 52

What structure relates environmental stimuli to coordinated behavioral autonomic and endocrine responses? State the 4 responses this structure can coordinate

Answer 52

The amygdala 1. Feeding and drinking 2. Agnostic (fighting) behavior 3. Responses to physical/emotional stress 4. Mating and maternal care "(FARM)"

Question 53

What is the papez circuit associated with?

Answer 53

emotions

Question 54

The following symptoms are characteristics of what pathology? what causes this pathology to occur? Increase in sexual activity Compulsive tendency to place objects in mouth Decreased emotionality Changes in eating behavior Visual Agnosia (can't interpret visual sensory info)

Answer 54

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome, which is caused by bilateral destruction of the Amygdala