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Bio II > Lecture 23- Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 23- Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical E

A

ATP

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2
Q

Calorie=

A

Calorie= 1 kilocalorie= 1000 calories

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3
Q

1 Cal= Heat required for what?

A

1 Cal= Heat required to raise 1 kg H2O 1 degree C
From carbs, proteins, lipids

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4
Q

What is most E rich?

A

Lipids- 9 Cal/g
(4 Cal/g for carbs, proteins)

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5
Q

What are the organic building blocks required to make macromolecules?

A

Source of Carbon and source of Nitrogen

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6
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Cannot be made-> must be ingested
Can be synthesized (NOT via photosynthesis…)

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7
Q

True or False: Carbs are considered essential nutrients

A

False- sufficient E from other sources

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8
Q

Which essential vitamins are fat-soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, and K

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9
Q

How many essential amino acids do humans lack the ability to synthesize?

A

8 essential amino acids must be dietary (9 in infants)

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10
Q

What are the main essential minerals?

A

Calcium / Phosphorus / Sulfur / Chloride / Magnesium / Sodium / Potassium

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11
Q

Which hormone stimulates appetite?

A

Ghrelin

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12
Q

What are the essential fatty acids and what food do they come from?

A

Linoleic acid & Linolenic acid (polyunsaturated) - from seeds/grains/vegetables

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13
Q

Which essential nutrients are directly required for the synthesis of amino acids?

A

Sulfur & Nitrogen

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14
Q

Which essential vitamins are water-soluble?

A

B complex vitamins & vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

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15
Q

What is vitamin B3 used for?

A

Niacin- Electron carriers (NAD & NADP)

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16
Q

What are the main essential trace elements?

A

Iron & Iodide

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17
Q

Which hormones suppress appetite?

A

Insulin / PYY / Leptin

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18
Q

What could potentially occur if there is a lack of vitamin B9?

A

Lack of folic acid- Anemia/problems with neural tube

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19
Q

The arrival of a food bolus causes the stomach to stretch and release _____.

A

Gastrin

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20
Q

What is vitamin C (ascorbic acid) used for?

A

Collagen / Iron absorption / Antioxidant / Scurvy prevention

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21
Q

PYY is secreted by the _____.

A

Small intestine

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22
Q

What is vitamin A (retinol) used for?

A

Converted to the retinal part of the protein rhodopsin (vision)

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23
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by the _____.

A

Duodenum (small intestine)

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24
Q

Which vitamin aids in calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D

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25
What is the function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?
Stimulates pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and gallbladder to secrete bile
26
From what source do humans get vitamin D?
UV (sunlight)
27
What is iodide used for?
Synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3/T4)
28
What is the direct result of a high concentration of CCK and secretin?
Inhibition of peristalsis/gastric juices & slows digestion
29
What could a lack of vitamin D lead to?
Rickets/Osteomalacia
30
True or False: When chyme is high in fat, the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin is inhibited.
False; when chyme is high in fat, the secretion of CCK and secretin is stimulated
31
Essential Amino Acids
20 AAs required Most animals make ~1/2 S, organic N required Must ingest the rest- 8 essential AA in adults, 9 in infants "Complete" proteins- meat, cheese, eggs "Incomplete" proteins- plant sources- challenge for vegetarian diet
32
Essential Fatty Acids
Can synthesize many FAs But often cannot form specific double bonds Essential fatty acids: linoleum, linolenic acid (both polyunsaturated) In seeds, grains, veggies- deficiencies rare
33
Vitamins
Organic compounds- required in small amounts Many are coenzymes- required for proper enzyme function 13 in humans
34
Can water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins be stored?
Only fat-soluble vitamins can be stored. Excess is excreted in urine (water-soluble).
35
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
B-complex vitamins B3 (niacin) B9 (folic acid) Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
36
What is vitamin B3?
Niacin- component of NAD+, NADH
37
What is vitamin B9?
Folic acid- deficiencies lead to anemia, neural tube defects
38
What is vitamin C?
Abscorbic acid Collagen synthesis Antioxidant Improves Fe absorption Deficiency-> scurvy - Degeneration of skin, teeth, blood vessels - Weakness - Impaired immunity, healing
39
What is scurvy and what vitamin deficiency is associated with it?
Deficiency of Vitamin C Causes: - Degeneration of skin, teeth, blood vessels - Weakness - Impaired immunity, healing
40
What is Vitamin A?
Fat-soluble vitamin Vitamin A- retinol Converted to retinal- part of rhodopsin Severe deficiency-> blindness
41
What results from a deficiency in Vitamin A?
Blindness
42
What is Vitamin D?
Fat-soluble vitamin Promotes calcium absorption Produced when exposed to UV Deficiency-> rickets/osteomalacia
43
What is Vitamin K?
Fat-soluble vitamin Required for blood-clotting proteins E. coli in LI primary source Deficiency can follow treatment with antibiotics
44
What are minerals?
Inorganic nutrients Major minerals, trace elements- macro, micronutrients
45
What are trace elements?
Less than 200 mg/day Iron- hemoglobin, cytochromes Iodide- thyroid
46
What are the major minerals?
Greater than 200 mg/day Calcium- bones, teeth, clotting, synapses, muscles Phosphorus- bones, teeth, ATP, FAs, phospholipids Potassium, Sodium- APs, many other roles Chlorine- principle neg ion- water balance, nerves, stomach Magnesium- enzyme cofactor- muscles, nerves
47
What exocrine and endocrine things does the pancreas release?
Exocrine- Pancreatic juice-> SI Endocrine- Glucagon, insulin Pancreatic islets containing: a- cells- secrete glucagon B- cells- secrete insulin
48
What do alpha cells secrete?
Glucagon
49
What do beta cells secrete?
Insulin
50
What is the malfunction of glucose regulation?
Diabetes mellitus Most common endocrine disorder Caused either by insulin deficiency or decreased response to insulin -> Both lead to high blood glucose levels
51
What are the consequences of diabetes?
Cells unable to take up glucose -> Fat main fuel Acidic metabolic byproducts accumulate in blood Lower pH Depletes Na+, K+ If severe, can cause blindness, kidney disorder, gangrene Glucose in urine sign of severe case
52
What is Type 1 diabetes?
Insulin-dependent (10%) Autoimmune- Beta cells destroyed -> Insulin deficiency Early onset, often in childhood Treatment: Insulin injections
53
What is Type 2 diabetes?
Non-insulin-dependent (90%) Insulin resistance Risk factors- overweight, little exercise Usually onset over age 40 Sometimes controlled with diet & exercise Sometimes requires medication
54
What is the function of ghrelin?
Secreted by stomach wall, triggers hunger
55
What is the function of PYY?
Appetite suppressant from SI
56
What is the function of insulin?
Triggered by increased blood sugar, suppressed appetite
57
What is the function of leptin?
Produced by adipose tissue, suppresses appetite Responds to levels of fat- longer term
58
How does the nervous system affect being full?
Sensory neurons detect information from digestive system -> Regulates hormone secretion Hormones target satiety center in brain Generates impulses that are perceived as hungry or full
59
Bolus in Oral Cavity
NS-> saliva production Swallowing triggered when bolus reaches pharynx
60
Bolus in Stomach
Food stretches walls -> Gastrin released -> Gastric juices produced -> Churning Via enteric division of autonomic NS
61
Bolus in Small intestine
AAs, fatty acids in chyme-> digestive hormones released Cholecystokinin (CCK): Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes, bile Secretin: Stimulates release of bicarbonate (HCO3-) If chyme rich in fat: very high CCK, secretin -> Inhibit peristalsis, secretion of gastric juices, slows digestion

Bio II (28 decks)

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