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Bio II > Lecture 23- Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 23- Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical E

A

ATP

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2
Q

Calorie=

A

Calorie= 1 kilocalorie= 1000 calories

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3
Q

1 Cal= Heat required for what?

A

1 Cal= Heat required to raise 1 kg H2O 1 degree C
From carbs, proteins, lipids

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4
Q

What is most E rich?

A

Lipids- 9 Cal/g
(4 Cal/g for carbs, proteins)

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5
Q

What are the organic building blocks required to make macromolecules?

A

Source of Carbon and source of Nitrogen

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6
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Cannot be made-> must be ingested
Can be synthesized (NOT via photosynthesis…)

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7
Q

True or False: Carbs are considered essential nutrients

A

False- sufficient E from other sources

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8
Q

Which essential vitamins are fat-soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, and K

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9
Q

How many essential amino acids do humans lack the ability to synthesize?

A

8 essential amino acids must be dietary (9 in infants)

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10
Q

What are the main essential minerals?

A

Calcium / Phosphorus / Sulfur / Chloride / Magnesium / Sodium / Potassium

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11
Q

Which hormone stimulates appetite?

A

Ghrelin

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12
Q

What are the essential fatty acids and what food do they come from?

A

Linoleic acid & Linolenic acid (polyunsaturated) - from seeds/grains/vegetables

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13
Q

Which essential nutrients are directly required for the synthesis of amino acids?

A

Sulfur & Nitrogen

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14
Q

Which essential vitamins are water-soluble?

A

B complex vitamins & vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

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15
Q

What is vitamin B3 used for?

A

Niacin- Electron carriers (NAD & NADP)

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16
Q

What are the main essential trace elements?

A

Iron & Iodide

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17
Q

Which hormones suppress appetite?

A

Insulin / PYY / Leptin

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18
Q

What could potentially occur if there is a lack of vitamin B9?

A

Lack of folic acid- Anemia/problems with neural tube

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19
Q

The arrival of a food bolus causes the stomach to stretch and release _____.

A

Gastrin

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20
Q

What is vitamin C (ascorbic acid) used for?

A

Collagen / Iron absorption / Antioxidant / Scurvy prevention

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21
Q

PYY is secreted by the _____.

A

Small intestine

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22
Q

What is vitamin A (retinol) used for?

A

Converted to the retinal part of the protein rhodopsin (vision)

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23
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by the _____.

A

Duodenum (small intestine)

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24
Q

Which vitamin aids in calcium absorption?

A

Vitamin D

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25
Q

What is the function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

Stimulates pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and gallbladder to secrete bile

26
Q

From what source do humans get vitamin D?

A

UV (sunlight)

27
Q

What is iodide used for?

A

Synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3/T4)

28
Q

What is the direct result of a high concentration of CCK and secretin?

A

Inhibition of peristalsis/gastric juices & slows digestion

29
Q

What could a lack of vitamin D lead to?

A

Rickets/Osteomalacia

30
Q

True or False: When chyme is high in fat, the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin is inhibited.

A

False; when chyme is high in fat, the secretion of CCK and secretin is stimulated

31
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

20 AAs required
Most animals make ~1/2
S, organic N required
Must ingest the rest- 8 essential AA in adults, 9 in infants
“Complete” proteins- meat, cheese, eggs
“Incomplete” proteins- plant sources- challenge for vegetarian diet

32
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A

Can synthesize many FAs
But often cannot form specific double bonds
Essential fatty acids: linoleum, linolenic acid (both polyunsaturated)
In seeds, grains, veggies- deficiencies rare

33
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic compounds- required in small amounts
Many are coenzymes- required for proper enzyme function
13 in humans

34
Q

Can water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins be stored?

A

Only fat-soluble vitamins can be stored. Excess is excreted in urine (water-soluble).

35
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

B-complex vitamins
B3 (niacin)
B9 (folic acid)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

36
Q

What is vitamin B3?

A

Niacin- component of NAD+, NADH

37
Q

What is vitamin B9?

A

Folic acid- deficiencies lead to anemia, neural tube defects

38
Q

What is vitamin C?

A

Abscorbic acid
Collagen synthesis
Antioxidant
Improves Fe absorption
Deficiency-> scurvy
- Degeneration of skin, teeth, blood vessels
- Weakness
- Impaired immunity, healing

39
Q

What is scurvy and what vitamin deficiency is associated with it?

A

Deficiency of Vitamin C
Causes:
- Degeneration of skin, teeth, blood vessels
- Weakness
- Impaired immunity, healing

40
Q

What is Vitamin A?

A

Fat-soluble vitamin
Vitamin A- retinol
Converted to retinal- part of rhodopsin
Severe deficiency-> blindness

41
Q

What results from a deficiency in Vitamin A?

A

Blindness

42
Q

What is Vitamin D?

A

Fat-soluble vitamin
Promotes calcium absorption
Produced when exposed to UV
Deficiency-> rickets/osteomalacia

43
Q

What is Vitamin K?

A

Fat-soluble vitamin
Required for blood-clotting proteins
E. coli in LI primary source
Deficiency can follow treatment with antibiotics

44
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic nutrients
Major minerals, trace elements- macro, micronutrients

45
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Less than 200 mg/day
Iron- hemoglobin, cytochromes
Iodide- thyroid

46
Q

What are the major minerals?

A

Greater than 200 mg/day
Calcium- bones, teeth, clotting, synapses, muscles
Phosphorus- bones, teeth, ATP, FAs, phospholipids
Potassium, Sodium- APs, many other roles
Chlorine- principle neg ion- water balance, nerves, stomach
Magnesium- enzyme cofactor- muscles, nerves

47
Q

What exocrine and endocrine things does the pancreas release?

A

Exocrine- Pancreatic juice-> SI
Endocrine- Glucagon, insulin

Pancreatic islets containing:
a- cells- secrete glucagon
B- cells- secrete insulin

48
Q

What do alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

49
Q

What do beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin

50
Q

What is the malfunction of glucose regulation?

A

Diabetes mellitus
Most common endocrine disorder
Caused either by insulin deficiency or decreased response to insulin
-> Both lead to high blood glucose levels

51
Q

What are the consequences of diabetes?

A

Cells unable to take up glucose
-> Fat main fuel
Acidic metabolic byproducts accumulate in blood
Lower pH
Depletes Na+, K+
If severe, can cause blindness, kidney disorder, gangrene
Glucose in urine sign of severe case

52
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin-dependent (10%)
Autoimmune- Beta cells destroyed
-> Insulin deficiency
Early onset, often in childhood
Treatment: Insulin injections

53
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

Non-insulin-dependent (90%)
Insulin resistance
Risk factors- overweight, little exercise
Usually onset over age 40
Sometimes controlled with diet & exercise
Sometimes requires medication

54
Q

What is the function of ghrelin?

A

Secreted by stomach wall, triggers hunger

55
Q

What is the function of PYY?

A

Appetite suppressant from SI

56
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Triggered by increased blood sugar, suppressed appetite

57
Q

What is the function of leptin?

A

Produced by adipose tissue, suppresses appetite
Responds to levels of fat- longer term

58
Q

How does the nervous system affect being full?

A

Sensory neurons detect information from digestive system
-> Regulates hormone secretion
Hormones target satiety center in brain
Generates impulses that are perceived as hungry or full

59
Q

Bolus in Oral Cavity

A

NS-> saliva production
Swallowing triggered when bolus reaches pharynx

60
Q

Bolus in Stomach

A

Food stretches walls
-> Gastrin released
-> Gastric juices produced
-> Churning
Via enteric division of autonomic NS

61
Q

Bolus in Small intestine

A

AAs, fatty acids in chyme-> digestive hormones released
Cholecystokinin (CCK): Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes, bile
Secretin: Stimulates release of bicarbonate (HCO3-)
If chyme rich in fat: very high CCK, secretin
-> Inhibit peristalsis, secretion of gastric juices, slows digestion

Bio II (28 decks)

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