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Bio II > Lecture 24- Respiration & Excretion > Flashcards

Lecture 24- Respiration & Excretion Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

How do multicellular aquatic organisms oxygenate their blood?

A

Gills- countercurrent exchange (diffusion of oxygen from water to blood)

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2
Q

What function does the medulla oblongata contribute to respiration?

A

Instructs depth/rhythm of breathing

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3
Q

How does the insect respiratory system work?

A

Tracheal system- gas exchange directly with cells through network ducts

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4
Q

True or False: Most marine invertebrates are osmoregulators.

A

False; most marine invertebrates are osmoCONFORMERS

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5
Q

The diaphragm contracts during _____.

A

Inhalation

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6
Q

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the _____.

A

Nephron

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7
Q

The outer region of the kidney is known as the ____.

A

Renal cortex

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8
Q

True or False: Respiration is primarily controlled by the somatic nervous system.

A

False; repiration is primarilly controlled by the AUTONOMIC nervous system

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9
Q

Sequence the four basic processes of excretion.

A

Filtration → Reabsorption → Secretion → Excretion

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10
Q

What is the glomerulus and what is its function?

A

Region of clustered capillaries at the start of a nephron which aids in filtration

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11
Q

True or False: The reabsorption and secretion that occur in the kidneys are passive processes.

A

False; reabsorption and secretion are ACTIVE processes

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12
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs in lungs - surrounded by capillaries - site of gas exchange

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13
Q

The glomerulus is located within the _____.

A

Bowman’s capsule

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14
Q

What is the purpose of deamination?

A

Excretion of nitrogenous waste

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15
Q

Sequence the pathway of urine.

A

Kidneys → Ureters → Urinary bladder → Urination (urethra)

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16
Q

The diaphragm relaxes during _____.

A

Exhalation

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17
Q

What is ammonia converted to in mammalian deamination?

A

Urea

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18
Q

How is the medulla oblongata stimulated to change respiration patterns?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pH indicates carbon dioxide concentration + by signals from major blood vessels

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19
Q

The inner region of the kidney is known as the _____.

A

Renal medulla

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20
Q

Carbon dioxide is converted to _____ in water.

A

Carbonic acid

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20
Q

Filtration occurs at the glomerulus in the Bowman’s capsule through a process known as _____.

A

Countercurrent exchange

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21
Q

What is ammonia converted to in reptilian deamination?

A

Uric acid

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22
Q

True or False: Nephrons are located exclusively in the renal medulla.

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A

False; nephrons span both the renal medulla and renal cortex

23
Q

Characteristics of Respiratory Structures

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A

Adapted for gas exchange- via air or water
- Thin walls
- Large surface area
- Moist
- Many blood vessels

24
What are the four main types of respiratory structures?
1. Body surfaces 2. Gills 3. Tracheal system 4. Lungs
25
Respiratory Structure on Body surface
Simplest Small, low metabolic rate Must be moist- even if terrestrial Inefficient- Many also have gills or lungs
26
Gills
Most common respiration in multicellular aquatic animals Specialized for gas exchange in water Folded exchange surfaces
27
Countercurrent Exchange
Blood and water flow in opposite directions Blood always meets water with higher O2 content Maximizes O2 diffusion into blood
28
Tracheal Systems
In insects Network ducts, branch throughout body No circulatory system required for gas exchange
29
Lungs
Specialized structures for respiration Primarily in terrestrial vertebrates Not in direct contact with other parts of body -> Circulatory system required for gas exchange Nasal cavity + pharynx
30
Gas Exchange in Lungs- define lungs and alveoli
Lungs: Paired, spongy, elastic organs within thoracic cavity Alveoli: Sites of gas exchange within lungs - Tiny air sacs - Single cell layer - Surrounded by capillaries
31
Breathing Mechanism
Breathing: Mechanical process of moving air in and out of lung Inhalation: Air in Exhalation: Air out Achieved through negative pressure
32
Inhalation- what does rib cage do, what does diaphragm do, volume, pressure, active or passive
Rib cage expands as rib muscles contract Diaphragm moves down (contracts) Volume increase, pressure down -> Air in Active process- muscles contract
33
Exhalation- what does rib cage do, what does diaphragm do, volume, pressure, active or passive
Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes (moves up) Volume decreases, pressure up -> Air out Usually passive process
34
What indicates CO2 levels in body?
pH of blood and cerebrospinal fluid indicates CO2 Higher metabolic rate -> higher CO2-> lower pH
35
Breathing Control Mechanism
Normal blood pH-> Blood pH falls due to rising levels of CO2 in tissues (such as when exercising)-> Sensors in major blood vessels detect decrease in blood pH-> Medulla detects decrease in pH of cerebrospinal fluid-> Medulla receives signals from major blood vessels-> Signals from medulla to rib muscles and diaphragm increase rate and depth of ventilation-> Blood CO2 level falls and pH rises-> Normal blood pH
36
Osmoregulation
Regulation of water and solute content in body
37
What are the two strategies of osmoregulation?
Osmoregulators and osmoconformers
38
Osmoconformers
Body fluids at equilibrium with surrounding sea water -> isooosmotic Only in marine animals
39
Osmoregulators
Control internal osmolarity independent of external environment Can live in inhospitable or variable environments
40
Dehydration + desiccation
Dehydration- from lungs, skin, digestive system, urine Adaptations to prevent desiccation - Body covering - Nocturnal behavior
41
How do terrestrial vertebrates replace H2O?
- Drinking water - Eating moist foods - Metabolic water Minimize loss by concentrating urine - Human urine 4x as concentrated as blood - Desert mammals 20x
42
What waste products do animals produce?
Water CO2 Bilirubin Nitrogenous waste Lost via respiration or filtration from blood- excretion
43
Nitrogenous Wastes
Proteins and nucleic acids broken down for E Converted to fats, carbs
44
Deamination
Process of removing NH2 -> NH3 (ammonia)- toxic
45
Types of Nitrogenous Waste
Ammonia- most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes Urea- Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes Uric acid- Many reptiles (including birds), insects, land snails
46
Filtration
Blood contacts transport epithelium: 1+ cell layers, specialized for moving solute in specific directions Big molecules- cannot pass Water, small molecules- can pass Not highly selective Facilitated by Glomerulus in Bowman's capsule
47
Reabsorption
Return of useful substances from filtrate-> body fluid Done by loop of Henle
48
Secretion
Active transport of substances from blood-> urine Important for removal of toxins, excess ions, nonessential solutes Done by loop of Henle
49
Excretion
Release of filtrate as urine
50
Kidney
Principle mammalian excretory organ Paired bean-shaped structures 2 functions: Regulate blood composition Produce urine
51
What are the two layers of the kidney?
Renal cortex (outer) and renal medulla (inner)
52
What is the type of nephron we must know?
Cortical nephron
53
Bowman's Capsule
Closed end of nephron
54
Glomerulus
Spherical capillary network in Bowman's capsule Exchange between Bowman's capsule and Glomerulus- filtration
55
Loop of Henle
Site of reabsorption and secretion
56
Urine
Continuously produced by kidneys -> Ureter -> Urinary bladder (1.5 pints) -> Exits via urethra

Bio II (28 decks)

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