Lecture 4- Fungi

Question 1

What shared derived trait(s) do all fungi share?

Answer 1

Absorptive heterotrophs, multicellular, chitinous cell wall (unique to fungi)

Question 2

True or False: All fungi are multicellular

Answer 2

False; fungi can be single cell (yeasts) or multicellular

Question 3

What is the basal fungal group?

Answer 3

Chytrids

Question 4

A(n) _____ is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus

Answer 4

Hyphae

Question 5

______ is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei

Answer 5

Karyogamy

Question 6

True or False: A fruiting body refers to the entire body of a multicellular fungi

Answer 6

False; the term that refers to the entire body of a multicellular fungi is mycelium

Question 7

What is the primary component of cell walls in fungi?

Answer 7

Chitin

Question 8

What shared derived trait(s) do glomeromycetes share?

Answer 8

Mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationship with plants)

Question 9

A(n) _____ is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients. In mycology, it refers to the appendage or portion of a parasitic fungus

Answer 9

Mycorrhizae

Question 10

Specialized hyphae that penetrate plant tissue- can be parasitic or mutualistic

Answer 10

Haustoria

Question 11

What type of enzyme do fungi secrete for digestion?

Answer 11

Hydrolases (hydrolytic enzymes)

Question 12

What shared derived trait(s) do chytrids share?

Answer 12

Flagellated spores (zoospores - unique to chytrids)

Question 13

What are the functions of hyphae?

Answer 13

Structure, feeding, predation, mutualistic symbiotic relationships, and reproduction

Question 14

_____ is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae

Answer 14

Mycelium

Question 15

True or False: Fungi thrive best in a dry environment

Answer 15

False; fungi thrive best in a moist, wet environment

Question 16

____ ____ of fungi produce asexual reproductive spores and are specialized to permit dispersal

Answer 16

Aerial hyphae

Question 17

True or False: There are two sexes of fungi, male and female

Answer 17

False; fungi have many mating types dependent on the number of alleles (no male/female)

Question 18

A(n) _____ is a mutual symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant

Answer 18

Mycorrhizae

Question 19

A(n) ____ ____ is a multicellular structure, like mushroom caps, on which spore-producing structures are born

Answer 19

Fruiting body

Question 20

True or False: Spores are always haploid

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

A(n) _____ is a multinucleate cell that contains genetically different nuclei and is the result of plasmogamy

Answer 21

heterokaryon

Question 22

True or False: Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

What are endophytes?

Answer 23

Organisms, like fungi, that have mutualistic relationships with plants

Inside leaves or stems, make toxins that deter herbivores

Question 24

What is mycosis?

Answer 24

A disease caused by infection with a fungus, such as ringworm or thrush

Question 25

What is the sister group to fungi?

Answer 25

Nucleariids

Question 26

Explain the process of fungal mating

Answer 26

Hyphae release and detect pheromones Hyphae extend towards source of pheromones If different mating types, meet and fuse cytoplasm, but not nuclei Plasmogamy: Cytoplasmic fusion Heterokaryon: Fused mycelium with different nuclei- n+n Growth after plasmogamy-> cells grow and divide, nuclei divide without fusing Later, karyogamy (nuclear fusion) occurs -> Diploid zygote Then meiosis restores haploid condition Ultimately, spores form

Question 27

Examples of Asexual Reproduction in fungi

Answer 27

Spores via mitosis Cell division/budding

Question 28

Chytrids

Answer 28

Terrestrial, freshwater, marine Unique flagellated spores -> zoospores Ancestral character state, all other fungal spores lack flagella Molecular evidence indicates easy divergence- basal taxon

Question 29

Zygomycetes

Answer 29

Zygospores Mostly decomposers in soil Black bread mold

Question 30

Glomeromycetes

Answer 30

Form mycorrhizae Mutualism present in 80% of plants

Question 31

Ascomycetes

Answer 31

Ascospores Largest number of known species Very diverse- uni- and multicellular Examples: - Penicillium - Morels and truffles - Baker's/brewer's yeast - Components of lichens

Question 32

Basidiomycetes

Answer 32

Basidiospores Many familiar fungi - Bracket fungi - Puff balls - Wheat rust, corn smut - Edible mushrooms All sexual

Question 33

Fungus-Animal Mutualisms

Answer 33

Helps break down plant material Found in gut, nest

Question 34

Practical Uses of Fungi

Answer 34

Consumption- morels and truffles, blue cheese Yeasts- ferment sugars into CO2 and alcohol Research- model organism for eukaryotic genetics Medical- antibiotic production