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Bio II > Lecture 26- Blood/Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 26- Blood/Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma

A

Pale yellowish, many components
Mostly H2O
Salts-dissolved ions
Osmotic balance
Composition of interstitial fluid

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2
Q

Function of plasma proteins

A

Regulate fluid in plasma vs. interstitial fluid

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3
Q

Albumins

A

Plasma proteins that regulate pH, osmotic balance

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4
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Plasma proteins that are antibodies- defense

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5
Q

Apolipoproteins

A

Plasma proteins that do lipid transport

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6
Q

Fibrinogens

A

Plasma proteins that do clotting (serum= plasma w/o fibrinogens)

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7
Q

Substances transported in plasma

A

Nutrients
Wastes (CO2)
Gases (O2)
Hormones

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8
Q

Where/how is blood produced?

A

Bone marrow
Multipotent stem cells divide -> one stays stem, one specializes
Ribs, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis

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9
Q

What are the three groups of blood cells?

A

Red blood cells- erythrocytes
White blood cells- leukocytes
Platelets

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10
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells (RBCs)
Most numerous
Flexible biconcave discs
No nuclei- more space for hemoglobin
No mitochondria- anaerobic metabolism
Specialized for O2 transport (O2 insoluble in aqueous solutions)
Hemoglobin

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11
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells (WBCs)
Specialized for defense against pathogens
Not confined to circulatory system- interstitial fluid, lymph nodes

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12
Q

Platelets

A

Not whole cells- Formed via pinching fragments of large cells in bone marrow
No nuclei
Involved in clotting

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13
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

A

Temporary clot
Blood vessel damaged
-> Vessel constricts
-> Platelets stick to collagen fibers
-> Platelets release attractants
-> More platelets stick

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14
Q

Fibrin Clot Formation

A

Fibrin clots are stronger, permanent
30 clotting factors involved
From platelets, damaged cells, plasma

Clotting factors, calcium, platelet compounds are a cascade that activates prothrombin into thrombin. Prothrombin is a plasma protein from liver, requires vitamin K. Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble). Sticky, gooey fibers make a net over the break and catch platelets and red blood cells, make a big mass of cells and fibers that block the break in the blood vessel.

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15
Q

Platelet plug vs. Fibrin clot

A

Platelet plug is temporary and faster, fibrin clot is slower and permanent.

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16
Q

Hemophilia

A

1 clotting factor missing or defective

17
Q

Anticlotting Factors and thrombus

A

Prevent spontaneous clotting in the absence of damage
Thrombus- clot within blood vessels, can block flow

18
Q

Purpose of immune system

A

Protects against pathogens, foreign molecules

19
Q

What are the two types of defense systems?

A

Innate immunity and adaptive immunity

20
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Acquired immune response
Specific response to specific antigens

20
Q

Innate Immunity

A

General protection against pathogens

21
Q

Barrier Defenses

A

Innate immunity
Non-specific “anatomical” barriers
- Prevent entrance
- Physical and chemical

22
Q

Examples of Barrier Defenses

A

Skin (integumentary system)- Not penetrable by bacteria, viruses
- Habitat for commensal bacteria
- Chemical barrier- oil and sweat glands- pH 3-5

Mucous lining- Mucus is viscous, traps pathogens
- Digestive, urinary, respiratory, reproductive tracts
- Ciliated epithelial cells
Lysozyme: destroy bacterial cell walls

Stomach
Pathogens ingested-> destroyed by stomach acid

23
Q

Cellular Innate Defenses

A

Destroy pathogens that get in

24
Q

What are the two types of Cellular Innate Defenses?

A

Phagocytic cells and Natural Killer cells

25
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Ingest pathogens via phagocytosis
Often found in lymphatic system- lymph nodes during infection

Have Toll-like receptors (TLR)
- Bind molecules characteristic of pathogens, absent from vertebrates

26
Q

Phagocytic Cell Activity-SEQ process of phagocytic cells

A
  1. Pseudopodia surround pathogens
  2. Pathogens engulfed by endocytosis
  3. Vacuole forms
  4. Vacuole and lysosome fuse
  5. Pathogens destroyed
  6. Debris from pathogens released
27
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

A

Circulate through body
Recognize abnormal surface proteins- indicate virus infection, cancer
Release chemicals- trigger cell death
Do not directly attack pathogens

28
Q

Interferons

A

Secreted by virus-infected cells
Do not save infected cell, help other resist infection

29
Q

Complement system

A

30 proteins in plasma
Circulate inactive- activated by surface proteins of microbes
-> lysis of invading cells

30
Q

Local Inflammatory Response

A

Activated by tissue damage-> heat, redness, edema, pain
Histamines + cytokines released, capillaries dilate

WBCs recruited, antimicrobial peptides released

Pathogens digested, tissue heals

31
Q

General Inflammatory Response

A

Inflammation can involve whole body
-> Fever: Change in set point temp of body to facilitate immune response
- Raises body temp
- Increases phagocytosis
- Interferes with pathogens

Bio II (28 decks)

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