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Equine Medicine and Surgery > Lecture 24: Lower Respiratory disease: viral, fungal, verminous > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Lower Respiratory disease: viral, fungal, verminous Flashcards

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1
Q

What is EHV-1 and what does it cause

A

Alpha herpes virus, causes respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortion storms/weak foals, and chorioretinopathy

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2
Q

What is EHV-4 and what does it cause

A

Alpha herpes virus, causes respiratory disease, rarely associated with abortion and neurological disease

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3
Q

How is EHV-1 and 4 spread

A

Respiratory route- direct and indirect contact with nasal secretions, aerosolized droplets

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4
Q

Herpesviruses establish __infection and majority of horses become ___

A

Latent, asymptomatic carriers

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5
Q

Essentially every horse has ___ and is reactivated by ___

A

Herpes, stress

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6
Q

EHV survives in environment for __days, max __days

A

7, 35

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7
Q

EHV is easily inactivated by __ and ___

A

Heat and disinfectants

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8
Q

EHV can fly __ft

A

35 ft

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9
Q

What herpesvirus is more likely to cause respiratory disease

A

1

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10
Q

What are some signs of respiratory disease caused by EHV

A

depression, nasal discharge, anorexia, biphasic fever, secondary bacterial infection

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11
Q

Which herpesvirus is more likely to cause abortion and when do they abort

A

1, abort in last trimester

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12
Q

When do you vaccinate pregnant mares for EHV

A

5,7, 9 months

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13
Q

What herpesvirus causes neurological disease

A

4

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14
Q

T or F: you should avoid testing healthy horses for EHV because all horses have herpes

A

True

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15
Q

What is the test of choice for EHV and why

A

PCR of nasal swabs and whole blood
Fast results, distinguish between neuropathic vs non-neuropathic

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16
Q

Virus isolation and serum titers are not as effective in dx EHV because they take

A

Weeks

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17
Q

What is tx for EHV

A

Supportive care, isolation
Clenbuterol: b2 agonist initiates mucociliary clearance

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18
Q

What are the primary indications for EHV vaccines

A

Prevent abortion, decrease respiratory signs, duration and shedding

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19
Q

EHV vaccines not do what

A

Block infection, development of viremia and establishment of latency

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20
Q

Horses exposed to EHV can have immunity for __-___ months

A

3-6 months

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21
Q

When should you give booster vaccine for horse exposed to EHV

A

6 months after disease

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22
Q

Vaccines for EHV are only licensed for protection against

A

Respiratory disease and abortion

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23
Q

Viral shedding of EHV is reduced in horses with ___ and been vaccinated with ___

A

High circulating titers of virus neutralizing antibodies and vaccinated with Rhinomune MLV vaccine

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24
Q

What EHV vaccine has high antigenic mass and marketed for prevention of abortion, and stimulates highest levels of VN antibody

A

Calvenza

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25
What influenza do horses get
Orthomyxovirus highly contagious type A, all H3N8
26
What is the morbidity of Equine influenza in naive vs exposed/vaccinated herds
Naive: 60-90% Exposed/vaccinated: 20-37%
27
What is the mortality rate of Equine influenza
1-20%
28
How is is equine influenza transmitted
Direct horse to horse contact, droplets from coughing, airborne
29
Spread of Equine influenza is enhanced by __
Short incubation period, fever and shedding in 48hrs
30
Equine influenza can survive in water for ___hrs and dry environments for __hrs
72, 48
31
What is the pathogensis of equine influenza
Damages respiratory epithelial cells of trachea and bronchial tree, impairing mucocilary clearance leading to secondary bacterial infection
32
In uncomplicated cases of equine influenza the trachea epithelium regenerates in __weeks
3
33
Damage from equine influenza predisposes horses to __ and __
RAO, EIPH
34
Natural infection with equine influenza can provide immunity for __-
Year
35
What are some clinical findings of equine influenza
Fever, anorexia, depression, serous to mucopurlent nasal discharge, paroxysmal cough
36
Signs of Equine influenza resolve in __ days, coughing can persist for __ days
7-14, 21 days
37
What can you use to dx equine influenza
Nasopharyngeal lavage- PCR, ELISA
38
What is tx for equine influenza
1. NSAIDS for fever 2. Antibiotics for secondary pneumonia 3. Rest: 1 week for every day of fever or 2-3 months
39
What is the primary opportunistic bacterial infection associated with equine influenza
Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus
40
What modified live vaccine can you give for equine influenza
FluAvert IN single dose protective after 7 days, IgA
41
What multicomponent vaccines can you give for equine influenza
Calvenza, innovator, prestige
42
What kind of viruses are picornaviruses
Rhinitis type A and B
43
How is equine viral arteritis transmitted
respiratory or venereal
44
Equine viral arteritis spread to ___, then ___ causing __ and __
Lymph nodes, vascular endothelium causing vasculitis and conjunctivitis
45
Who is the persistently infected carrier and source of equine viral arteritis
Stallion
46
What are some signs of equine viral arteritis
Respiratory signs, leukopenia, fever, depression, anorexia, peripheral edema, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, hives, abortion
47
Stallions may experience __with equine viral arteritis
Transient infertility
48
Only option for stallions with equine viral arteritis is to breed __ or ___
Vaccinated mares or castrate
49
How do you dx equine viral arteritis
Serology 21-28 days apart Virus isolation of nasopharyngeal swabs, blood, ejaculate
50
How do you prevent equine viral arteritis
Vaccinate mares or vaccinate stallions after confirming negative tiger
51
What part of valley fever is highly contagious, zoonotic and can cause fungal pneumonia in horses (rare)
Arthoconidia
52
What are the clinical findings with valley fever
Respiratory, pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, mastitis, abortion, osteomyelitis
53
How is valley fever spread in body
Lymphohematogenous
54
How do you dx valley fever
1. Cytology showing spherules- TTW, biopsy, aspirate 2. Serology- antigen coated latex agglutination
55
__on antigen coated latex agglutination for valley fever is consistent with infection
1:16
56
Who does C. Gatii cause fungal pneumonia in
Immunocompetent individuals
57
Who does C. Neoformans cause fungal pneumonia in
Immunocompromised
58
What is the mechanism of action of azoles
Interferes with ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell walls
59
What azoles are used to tx fungal pneumonia in horses
Fluconazole and itraconazole
60
What azole is poorly absorbed in horses
Ketoconazole
61
What is an negative affect of azoles
Hepatotocity
62
What is the mechanism of action of polyenes
Interact with ergosterol in fungal cell membrane
63
What Polyene is used to tx fungal pneumonia in horses and what is adverse effect
Amphotericin B, nephrotoxicity
64
What worm typically caused verminous pneumonia in weanlings/yearlings
P. Equorum
65
What lungworm typically causes cough and bronchopneumonia in horses/ponies
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
66
Who is the natural host for D. Arnfieldi
Donkeys
67
What are some clinical signs of verminous pneumonia
Chronic cough, mucopurulent nasal discharge, crackles, wheezes, poor response to antibiotics
68
Ho can you dx verminous pneumonia
TTW with abundant eosinophils Fecal in donkeys

Equine Medicine and Surgery (27 decks)

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