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Equine Medicine and Surgery > Lecture 22: Equine Lower Respiratory Tract disease: Bacterial > Flashcards

Lecture 22: Equine Lower Respiratory Tract disease: Bacterial Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some signs of pneumonia

A

Creamy nasal discharge, increase HR, enlarged LNs, stertorous breathing, milked crackles, wheezes

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2
Q

What are some signs of pleuropneumonia

A

Muffled lung sounds, crackles/ friction rubs, plaque ventral edema, pleurodyna

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3
Q

Horse presents with suspected pneumonia what is an appropriate diagnostic plan on farm

A

SAA, lactate iSTAT, CBC/chem, fibrinogen, ultrasound, trans tracheal wash, nasal swab

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4
Q

Horse presents with suspected pleuropneumonia what is appropriate diagnostic plan on farm

A

Stabilize and refer

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5
Q

Streptococcus equi is a highly contagious pathogen of ___

A

Upper respiratory tract

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6
Q

What are some clinical signs of Strangles

A

Fever >103, mucopurulent nasal discharge, acute swelling, abscess formation in submandibular and retropharyngeal LN’s

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of strangles

A

Bacteria enters mouth or nose and reaches tonsil tissue within hours

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8
Q

Nasal shedding of S. Equi occurs when and lasts for how long

A

2-3 days after fever and persists for 2-6 weeks

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9
Q

If chondroids develop due to strangles horses can shed the virus for ___

A

Years

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10
Q

75% of horses recovered from strangles develop immunity that lasts for __yrs

A

5yrs

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11
Q

What is the cold standard to dx strangles

A

Culture of purple t material

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12
Q

What is the best sample to culture for strangles to the worst

A

Guttural pouch washes> nasopharyngeal wash> rostal nasal wash

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13
Q

To dx strangles you can do a PCR for ___ which is useful for detecting ___

A

M protein, asymptomatic carriers

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14
Q

To dx strangles you can do an ELISA for __ which is useful for __,___,___, or ___

A

SeM protein, useful for vaccination, exposure, purpura and bastard strangles

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15
Q

How would you manage group of horses that have evidence of strangles on farm

A

Isolate, undergo tx

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16
Q

How would you manage horses on a farm that were exposed to strangles

A

Isolate, twice daily temp checks, if fever tx with antibiotics

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17
Q

How would you manage horses on a farm that were not exposed to strangles, but still on same farm

A

Isolate, twice daily temp checks, vaccinate in 2 weeks

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18
Q

Horses shed strangles for ___weeks following last clinical sign

A

6 weeks

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19
Q

What are some appropriate biosecurity measures for prevent strangles spread

A
  1. Dedicated clothing and equipment to each group
  2. If personal must work with all groups clean in order: 3, 2,1
  3. Disinfect
  4. Pastures rested for 4 weeks
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20
Q

What is tx for mild strangles

A

Isolate, soft palate feeds, and NSAIDS

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21
Q

What is a complication of strangles (why it is called strangles)

A

Upper respiratory obstruction

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22
Q

What is the appropriate treatment for strangles causing upper respiratory obstruction

A
  1. Tracheostomy or drain LN
  2. Treat with penicillin- procaine penicillin G, NSAIDS, Iv fluids
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23
Q

What is the most common complication of strangles following obstruction

A

Pneumonia/ bronchopneumonia

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24
Q

What is tx for bastard strangles

A
  1. Potentiated sulfonamides + rifampin
  2. Cephalosporin
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25
What is purpura hemorrhagic
Aseptic necrotizing autoimmune vasculitis characterized by petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages
26
What is tx for purpura hemorrhagic
Corticosteroids (dexamethasone), antibiotics, NSAIDS, supportive care
27
What is tx for Immune mediate myositis caused by strangles
Corticosteroids
28
What vaccine is used against strangles
Live IN pinnacle- two administrations, 2 weeks apart
29
Do not give the Live pinnacle IN vaccine in the ___, it will cause abscesses
Muscle
30
What are the inductive sites for the strangles IN vaccine
Pharyngeal and lingual tonsils
31
How long will horses test positive on PCR after strangles vaccine
6 weeks
32
What is the most common bacteria implicated in pneumonia
Streptococcus
33
Horses depend on ___head position for normal mucocillary apparatus so long ___with heads tied up can stop this defense mechanism
Lowered, trailer rides
34
What are some clinical signs of bronchitis
May be normal at test with a cough at exercise +/- fever
35
What are some signs of bronchopneumonia/ pneumonia
Fever, anorexia, nasal discharge, cough, weight loss, tachypnea, respiratory distress
36
What are some signs of pleuropneumonia/ pleuritis
Pleurodynia, unwillingness to move, grunting, abducted elbows, pleural friction rubs, plaque ventral edema
37
What is the pathogenesis of pneumonia
Infiltrate neutrophils, consolidation of lung parenchyma or focal abscess that interfere with gas exchange
38
What occurs inn severe pneumonia pathogenesis
Sterile fluid fills pleural space, bacteria invade pleural fluid, results in septic exudate and fibrin deposition
39
25% of horses with pleuropneumonia have a history of ___
Recent long distance transport
40
12% of horses with pleuropneumonia have a history of ___
Recently undergoing anesthesia
41
What are some clinical pathology signs associated with pneumonia
1. Leukocytosis with neutrophila +/- left shirt 2. Hyperfibrinogenemia 3. Increase SAA 4. Hyperglobinemia 5. Anemia of chronic dz
42
What is an SSA value indicative of infection and what is normal
Infection >50 Normal <15
43
What is an valuable diagnostic imaging for pleural disease
Ultrasound
44
What is the most helpful diagnostic in pleural disease
Transtracheal wash
45
How can you collect tracheal fluid
Pop needle into trachea or via endoscopy
46
What cytology of transtracheal wash is indicative of pleural dxz
Neutrophilic with intra and extracellular bacteria
47
Why is a thoracocentesis helpful for pleural dz
Diagnostic and therapeutic
48
What is an appropriate anti microbial therapy for mild pleural dz/ pneumonia
Cephalosporins (Excede), potentiated sulfonamides
49
What is typically cause of mild pleural dz/ pneumonia
Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus
50
What is an appropriate tx for moderate pleural dz/ pneumonia
1. Penicillin/Gentamicin 2. Cephalosporins/ Gentamicin
51
What is an appropriate antimicrobial therapy for severe pleural dz/ pneumonia
1. Pencillin/ Gentamicin/ metronidazole 2. Pencillin/ Enrofloxacin/ metronidazole
52
Bacteriodes fragilis is typically present in severe pleural dz/ pneumonia and is resistant to ___, so must use ___ to tx
Pencillin, metronidazole
53
Which aerobe that can cause pleural dz/ pleural pneumonia carriers a guarded prognosis, 48% don’t survive
Klebsiella spp
54
Which has a worse prognosis for return to athleticism: aerobes or anaerobes
Anaerobes
55
What is the appropriate supportive therapy on the farm for pleural dz/ pneumonia
NSAIDS, Iv fluids
56
What is the appropriate tx for pleural dz/ pneumonia in hospital
Opioids, oxygen, cryotherapy, nebulization of antimicrobials, pleural drainage/lavage, heparin to prevent microthrombi
57
Why is early pleural drainage best
Fibrin deposition forms loculation that impair drainage
58
What are some complications associated with pleural dz/ pneumonia
Thrombophlebitis and coagulopathies, diarrhea, endotoxemia, laminitis, pleural abscesses, bronchopleural fistula, pericarditis
59
To perform a thoracotomy and rib resection you must have a ___
Closed mediastinum
60
T or F: thoracotomy incision is left open and closes by granulation over 2-3 months
True
61
What is prognosis for mild to moderate bronchopneumonia
Good prognosis for return to previous athletic performance
62
What is prognosis for pulmonary abscess
50-90% returned to previous athletic performance
63
What is prognosis for uncomplicated pleuropneumonia
56-61% returned to previous athletic performance
64
What is prognosis for complicated pleuropneumonia
88% survive to discharge, 46% returned to previous level of activity

Equine Medicine and Surgery (27 decks)

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