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Equine Medicine and Surgery > Lecture 9: Equine Clinical Parasitology > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Equine Clinical Parasitology Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of worms are the following: P. Equorum, S. Westeri, strongyles, O. Equi, O. Cervicalis, S. Equine, H. Muscae, D. Megastoma, gasterophilus, T. Lacrymalis, D. Arnfieldi

A

Nematodes- roundworms

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2
Q

What type of worm is A. Perfoliata

A

Cestode- tapeworm

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3
Q

What type of worm is F. Hepatica

A

Trematode- fluke

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4
Q

What is the mechanism for bendimidazoles

A

Act upon fumarate reductose to interfere with carbohydrate metabolism

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5
Q

What are some examples of bendimidazoles

A

Fenbendazole, oxibendazole

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6
Q

What is the mechanism for macrocyclic lactose’s

A

Increase cell permeability to Cl- resulting in flaccid paralysis and death

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7
Q

What are some examples of macrocyclic lactones

A

Ivermectin, moxidectin

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8
Q

Why do you need to be careful with moxidectin

A

Very low therapeutic range

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9
Q

What is the mechanism for tetrahydropyrimidines

A

Cholinergic agonist

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10
Q

What are some examples of tetrhydripyrimidines

A

Pyrantel pamoate paste, pyrantel tartrate daily

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11
Q

What is the mechanism for praziquantel

A

Induces spastic paralysis possibly via calcium channels, disrupts regimental

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12
Q

Praziquantel is formulated with what other drug class

A

Macrocyclic lactones

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13
Q

What parasites have widespread resistance to bendimidazoles (oxibendazole, fenbendazole)

A

Cyasthostomes- small strongyles

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14
Q

What parasite shows early indications for resistance against bendimidazoles (oxibendazole, fenbendazole)

A

P. Equorum

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15
Q

What parasites is it common to see resistance against pyrimidines

A

Cyasthostomes- small strongyles

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16
Q

What parasite shows early indications for resistance against pyrimidines

A

P. Equorum

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17
Q

What class of parasites show early indications for resistance against macrocyclic lactones

A

Cyasthostomes- small stronglyes

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18
Q

What parasite shows widespread resistance to macrocyclic lactones

A

P. Equorum

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19
Q

P. Equorum is a primary concern in what age group

A

Foals up to 6 months

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20
Q

What horses might have patent infections with P. Equorum

A

Adults, especially broodmares

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21
Q

What is the pathway of infection and migration for P. Equorum

A

Embryonated egg is infectious and hatches in stomach and SI

Migrates to lungs and liver

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22
Q

What is the clinical syndrome for P. Equorum

A

Intestinal impaction and rupture

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23
Q

What is the first line of defense against P. Equorum

A

Bendimidazoles (oxibendazole, fenbendazole)

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24
Q

What age group does S. Westeri typically inhabit

A

SI of nursing foals

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25
What are the three routes of infection for S. Westeri
1. Skin penetration via L3 2. Ingestion 3. Lactogenic transmission from mare
26
What can be done to prevent S. Westeri in foals
Deworm mare prior to foaling
27
Foals with S. Westeri are often asymptomatic but high egg counts can cause ___
Diarrhea
28
What anthelmintics should be used to tx S. Westeri
Bendimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones
29
What is the recommended deworming schedule for foals from 8 weeks to 12 months
8-12 weeks: bendimidazoles Just prior to weaning (4-6 months): FEC to determine ascarid/strongyle burden 9 months: strongyles and tapeworms (ivermectin and praziquantel) 12 months: strongyles
30
What is the most clinically significant large strongyle
S. Vulgarus
31
What is the clinical syndrome associated with large strongyles/ S. Vulgarus
Verminous arteriosus L3 damage from migration and associated inflammation L4 migrates to arterioles and migrates to cranial mesenteric artery Results in thrombosis and infarction of intestines results in colic
32
What anthelmintic should be used to tx large strongyles/ S. Vulgarus
Macrocyclic lactones
33
What are small strongyles also called
Cyasthostomes
34
Small stronglyes are very resistant to ___ and ___
Freezing and desiccation
35
What is the clinical syndrome associated with small strongyles
Larval cyathostominosis Synchronous emergence of L4 larvae resulting in diarrhea, hypoproteinemia
36
Fatality rates for small strongyles are up to __%
50%
37
What anthelmintic should be used to tx small strongyles
Moxidectin, panacur powerpack, daily strongid tablet
38
What is the most clinically significant tapeworm
A. Perfoliata
39
What can tapeworms/ A. Perfoliata cause
Ulceration and inflammation, colic, intussusceptions, ruptures
40
What anthelmintic should be used to tx tapeworms/ A. Perfoliata
Praziquantel
41
How does O. Equi infect/ cause clinical signs
Adults reside in descending colon and rectum and eggs laid perianally- horses become itchy
42
What anthelmintic should be used to tx O. Equi
Ivermectin
43
How is Onchocera cervicalis and steria equina transmitted
Bloodsucking arthropods
44
What is the preferred site for onchocera cervicalis
Connective tissue- nuchal ligament
45
What is the preferred site for setaria
Abdominal cavity
46
What does Onchocera result in/ what clinically
Verminous dermatitis, pruritic on ventral midline and face Can also migrate to palpebral corneal, and conjunctival structures resulting in uveitis and keratoconjunctivitis
47
What is the anthelmintic to tx O. Cervicalis and S. Equina
Macrocyclic lactones
48
Habronema spp and Draschia spp are also known as ___
Stomach worms
49
How is Habromena spp and Draschia spp transmited
Muscid flies
50
What does Habronema spp and Draschia spp result in
Infect wounds and mucocutaneous junctions resulting in massive inflammatory reaction in host—> Eosinophilic granulomatous, sulfur granules
51
How to you tx inflammatory reactions to Habronema spp and Draschia spp
Oral or intralesional steroids or surgical excision
52
What anthelmintic is used to tx Habronema spp, Draschia spp
Macrocyclic lactones
53
How does Gasterophilus spp infect/ cause clinical signs
Larvae spend winter in GI tract, passed in manure, eggs laid on hair coat and horses infected by licking themselves or other horses Lesions in oral cavity and stomach
54
What anthelmintic is used to tx gasterophilus
Macrocyclic lactones
55
What is Thelazia lacrymalis also known as
Eyeworm
56
How is T. Lacrymalis transmitted
Muscid flies
57
What does T. Lacrymalis result in
Inflammation of Lacrimal glands
58
What is the anthelmintic to tx T. Lacrymalis
Bendimidazoles
59
Who is the natural reservoir for Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
Donkeys and mules- infect horses if cohabitated
60
How does D. Arnfieldi do damage/ show clinical signs
L4 in mesenteric LN and L5 in bronchioles. Eggs laid in bronchi transported to pharynx via mucociliary elevator, eggs swallowed and passed in manure
61
What dx test can we do for D. Arnfieldi
Baermann test
62
What anthelmintic is used to tx D. Arnfieldi
Macrocyclic lactones
63
What drugs are used to tx F. Hepatica
Triclabendazole and albendazole
64
What is the approach to individualized parasite control in horses
1. FEC- basis of adult plan, 200EPG threshold for tx 2. FECRT- just prior to tx and 10-14 days after, below 90% means some resistance
65
Horses with ___may require more intensive parasite management
PPID
66
What is the EPG threshold for tx
200
67
What are the diagnostics commonly used for parasites
McMaster FEC, fecal floats
68
These eggs are common on fecal float or McMasters, identify 1-3
1. P. Equorum 2. O. Equi 3. Strongyle type

Equine Medicine and Surgery (27 decks)

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