Lecture 26

Question 1

What are the 4 types of pain?

Answer 1

fast pain | slow pain | referred pain | phantom pain

Question 2

What is the characteristic of fast pain?

Answer 2

sharp and localized

Question 3

What is the characteristic of slow pain?

Answer 3

dull and diffused

Question 4

What is referred pain?

Answer 4

one area causes pain perception in other areas | pain in a body part is telling you that some other body part is in pain

Question 5

What is phantom pain?

Answer 5

pain sensed from missing body parts | common in amputees

Question 6

What is the gate control model of pain?

Answer 6

C-fiber and inhibitory neuron | noxious stimulus inhibits inhibitory neuron for the stimulus to go to CNS

Question 7

What role does the A-beta fiber play in the gate control model of pain during a noxious stimulus?

Answer 7

activates the inhibitory neuron so that the noxious stimulus decreases = alleviates the pain

Question 8

What is a nociceptor?

Answer 8

receptors that respond to pain stimulus

Question 9

What is a noxious stimulus?

Answer 9

pain stimulus

Question 10

What is the iris?

Answer 10

muscle that will close or open up the pupil

Question 11

What is the pupil?

Answer 11

just an opening = aperture | reacts to light

Question 12

What is the sclera?

Answer 12

white part of the eye | connective tissue allowing the liquid in the eye to be enclosed within its pressure chamber

Question 13

What are the lacrimal glands?

Answer 13

secrete tears

Question 14

What is the nasolacrimal duct?

Answer 14

drains tears into nasal cavity

Question 15

What is the cornea?

Answer 15

thin layer of epithelial tissue right in front of the eye | sensitive with nerve endings

Question 16

What is the aqueous humor?

Answer 16

thin watery liquid

Question 17

What is the lens?

Answer 17

made up transparent tissue of which light can go through it

Question 18

What is the retina?

Answer 18

neural part of the eye | can correct refractive errors of the refracted light info

Question 19

What is the optic nerve?

Answer 19

convergence point of the retina where light info is carried to the brain

Question 20

What is the vitreous humor?

Answer 20

gelatinous liquid within the eye

Question 21

What is the foveal pit?

Answer 21

pit in retina = site of high resolution vision/image in color bc high concentration of cones | aligned with central axis of the eye | no bipolar or ganglion cells

Question 22

What is the peripheral retina?

Answer 22

low resolution and detects small amount of light | used for night vision

Question 23

What is the electromagentic spectrum and do all species have the same range?

Answer 23

visible light = what mammalian retina recognizes | each species have slight different ranges (700nm-400nm)

Question 24

Why is the retina red?

Answer 24

due to the pigment in the pigment epithelium

Question 25

What is the optic chiasm?

Answer 25

where the optic nerve of both eyes converges and info splits from one side of the brain to the other

Question 26

What is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)?

Answer 26

in the thalamus = where visual info goes thru before going into visual cortex

Question 27

What contributes to the refractive error?

Answer 27

anything that the path of light passes through

Question 28

What becomes the optic nerve?

Answer 28

axon bundles of ganglion cells

Question 29

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?

Answer 29

rods and cones

Question 30

What are rod photoreceptors?

Answer 30

grey detectors (monochromic vision)

Question 31

What are cone photoreceptors?

Answer 31

color detectors

Question 32

What are the horizontal and amacrine cells?

Answer 32

sending lateral info

Question 33

What are the bipolar cells?

Answer 33

has 2 poles = acting as the connection between the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells

Question 34

What is phototransduction?

Answer 34

process of light energy is converted into electrical energy

Question 35

What structures in the retina are responsible for phototransduction?

Answer 35

photoreceptors

Question 36

What is the macula?

Answer 36

center of the visual field in the retina

Question 37

Which part of the retina can judge between day and night and why?

Answer 37

ganglion cells = has light sensitivity

Question 38

What is rhodopsin?

Answer 38

pigment in photoreceptors | first found in rods | retinal + opsin = rhodopsin

Question 39

What is a fundus?

Answer 39

image of the retina

Question 40

What are the 3 basic types of cones?

Answer 40

blue | green | red

Question 41

What are blue cones?

Answer 41

has blue pigment | detect violet to yellow light

Question 42

What are green cones?

Answer 42

has green pigment | detect blue to orange light

Question 43

What are red cones?

Answer 43

has red pigment | detect red to green light

Question 44

What do the discs in photoreceptors contain?

Answer 44

rhodopsin molecules with retinal inside it

Question 45

When are photoreceptors most active?

Answer 45

when it is dark

Question 46

What is the signal for neurotransmitter release? Light or dark?

Answer 46

darkeness

Question 47

What happens when light bleaches rhodopsin?

Answer 47

retinal moves out of rhodopsin = opsin (bleached pigment) = takes time to recuperate