Lectures 8-9

Question 1

What are herbicides?

Answer 1

agents that kill plants

Question 2

What are pesticides?

Answer 2

agents that kill pests

Question 3

What is paraquat?

Answer 3

very potent herbicide thought to kill a lot of dopaminergic neurons

Question 4

What is peripheral neuropathy?

Answer 4

nerves that are in the peripheral nervous system

Question 5

What does bungarotoxin bind to?

Answer 5

nicotinic Ach receptors

Question 6

What does tetrodotoxin bind to?

Answer 6

voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 7

What does botulinum toxin target?

Answer 7

release at the neuromuscular junction

Question 8

what do venoms bind to?

Answer 8

voltage-gated calcium channels

Question 9

How does botulinum toxin affect neurotransmitter release?

Answer 9

attacks SNARE proteins = prevents the release of vesicles and doesn’t let it fuse with the presynaptic membrane

Question 10

What are the 4 things that the autonomic neuronal system control?

Answer 10

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

Question 11

What 3 parts of the brain initiate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses?

Answer 11

hypothalamus, pons, and medulla

Question 12

What is antagonistic control in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 12

the pull and push of the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches where one is increasing and the other decreases, vice versa

Question 13

What is the purpose of the antagonistic control in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 13

to create and maintain homeostasis

Question 14

What are ganglia?

Answer 14

groups of neuronal cell bodies

Question 15

What neurotransmitter does the pre-ganglionic neuron release in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 15

always acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 16

What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic post-ganglionic neuron release?

Answer 16

acetylcholine

Question 17

What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron release?

Answer 17

epinephrine and or norepinephrine

Question 18

Which receptor would make the connection go faster: ligand-gated or G-protein coupled receptor and why?

Answer 18

ligand-gated = faster because opens channels | G-protein coupled = slower due to cascade signaling

Question 19

What is an example of a movement powered by the G-protein Coupled Receptor?

Answer 19

relaxation/constriction of pupil

Question 20

What are the 2 types of acetylcholine receptors? What type of receptor is each of these receptors?

Answer 20

nicotinic = ligand-gated | muscarinic = G-protein coupled receptor

Question 21

What are the differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic branches in terms of connectivity?

Answer 21

location of the ganglion and the neurotransmitter released by the post-ganglionic cell

Question 22

How do adrenergic receptors differ?

Answer 22

based on the organs its located

Question 23

What inhibits adrenergic receptors?

Answer 23

alpha and beta blocker-drugs

Question 24

What do G-protein Coupled Receptors do?

Answer 24

triggers 2nd messenger systems inside the cell

Question 25

What are phospholipase C and cAMP?

Answer 25

second messenger molecules

Question 26

What are chromaffin cells?

Answer 26

modified sympathetic post-ganglionic "neurons" (it's really just cells) found inside the adrenal medulla

Question 27

What is the sympathetic chain? Where is it found?

Answer 27

sympathetic ganglions found on the sympathetic trunk along the spine (not inside it)

Question 28

What do chromaffin cells do?

Answer 28

release epinephrine into circulation

Question 29

Which one is efferent: ventral horn or dorsal root ganglion?

Answer 29

ventral horn

Question 30

Which one is sensory: ventral horn or dorsal root ganglion?

Answer 30

dorsal root ganglion

Question 31

What parts of the brain make up the limbic system?

Answer 31

HAT = hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus

Question 32

Which part of the limbic system is associated with the heart rate going up during a stressful situation (sympathetic)?

Answer 32

amygdala

Question 33

When is the pre-ganglionic axon long and when is it short?

Answer 33

long = parasympathetic | short = sympathetic (except to adrenal medulla)

Question 34

Where are adrenergic receptors located?

Answer 34

sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons

Question 35

What is/are neuro-potent activator if adrenergic receptors?

Answer 35

epinephrine and or adrenaline

Question 36

What are inactivation enzymes?

Answer 36

similar to transporters, responsible for breaking down ACh or Epinephrine/NE where other types of transporters can take back up those products

Question 37

What is the inactivation enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine?

Answer 37

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 38

What is the inactivation enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine?

Answer 38

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Question 39

Where is the first place that epinephrine goes to once it is released from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 39

the heart = to increase heart rate

Question 40

What is the difference between a somatic response and an autonomic response?

Answer 40

somatic = moves muscles | autonomic = affect bodily functions like heart rate and respiration

Question 41

What are varicosities?

Answer 41

bulge-like autonomic synapses containing vesicles with neurotransmitters and mitochondria

Question 42

Which muscle type is wrapped in varicosities?

Answer 42

smooth muscles

Question 43

Are smooth muscle cells all act as one unit or individual units?

Answer 43

individual

Question 44

How can smooth muscle cells be activated as one unit?

Answer 44

need multiple synapses = what varicosities will provide

Question 45

What is peristalsis?

Answer 45

movement of smooth muscle canals by having the information trickle down from one area to the next

Question 46

What is the function of endocannabinoids?

Answer 46

to slow down activity of the pre-synaptic cell

Question 47

What is a spinal reflex? What is an example of one?

Answer 47

initiates a response without input from the brain | knee jerk

Question 48

What is an example of an autonomic reflex? In what part of the brain does this take place in? What kind of reflex are these?

Answer 48

when BP goes down | brainstem | polysynaptic

Question 49

What are the 2 classifications of reflexes?

Answer 49

monosynaptic | polysynaptic

Question 50

What are monosynaptic reflexes?

Answer 50

only one synapse between the stimulus and response | 1 connection, 2 neurons

Question 51

What are polysynaptic reflexes?

Answer 51

multiple neurons, multiple connections = bigger process

Question 52

What is a learned reflex and what kind of reflex is it?

Answer 52

when a general stimulus is associated to multiple responses | ie: Pavlov's dog and salivation | complex reflex

Question 53

What type of reflex are skeletal reflexes?

Answer 53

monosynaptic or polysynaptic (depends)

Question 54

What is an important reflex used for diagnosing patients with muscle or neurological disorders?

Answer 54

Babinski reflex

Question 55

What response is normal and abnormal in the Babinksi reflex?

Answer 55

normal = toes curl down | abnormal = toes curl up (fanning)

Question 56

What is an abnormal response from the Babinksi reflex suggest?

Answer 56

upper motor neuron dysfunction (neurons could be dying)

Question 57

Where are the upper motor neurons located?

Answer 57

CNS in the primary motor area