Lecture 20

Question 1

What are hormones?

Answer 1

chemical messengers secreted into blood by specialized epithelial cells affecting distant target tissues

Question 2

What are 5 functions that hormones are responsible for?

Answer 2

metabolism | regulation of internal functions | reproduction | growth | development

Question 3

What are the classic endocrine tissues called?

Answer 3

glands

Question 4

What are the 3 things that hormones control?

Answer 4

rates of enzymatic reactions | transport ions/molecules across cell membranes | gene expression

Question 5

What does the history of hormones tell us?

Answer 5

lack of iodine can cause changes in body

Question 6

What organ removal is known to change animal behavior?

Answer 6

testes as it contains many hormones

Question 7

What is organotherapy?

Answer 7

direct injection of hormones

Question 8

What are pheromones?

Answer 8

ecto-hormones = secreted to the outside environment

Question 9

Where are neurohormones released from?

Answer 9

neurons

Question 10

Where are cytokines released from?

Answer 10

immune cells

Question 11

How much hormone is needed in order to induce a physiological effect?

Answer 11

very low concentrations

Question 12

What are releasing hormones?

Answer 12

hypothalamic regulating hormones (factors) | releases other hormones

Question 13

What are eicosanoids?

Answer 13

lipid-derived molecules

Question 14

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 14

under the thalamus | regulates hormone levels

Question 15

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 15

under hypothalamus = communicates with hypothalamus constantly

Question 16

What does the thalamus act as?

Answer 16

gateway between the brain and body

Question 17

What must hormones bind to in order to elicit a physiological response?

Answer 17

hormone receptors

Question 18

What are the 3 ways in which hormone action is terminated?

Answer 18

limit secretion | degradation (removal/inactivation) | terminate activity in target cells

Question 19

Which part, anterior or posterior, of the pituitary is a true endocrine gland?

Answer 19

anterior pituitary gland

Question 20

What is the posterior pituitary?

Answer 20

neuronal tissue

Question 21

What other organs that don’t have the word “gland” are true endocrine glands?

Answer 21

hypothalamus | pancreas | adrenal on kidneys | testes | ovaries

Question 22

What is a requirement for classic endocrine organs/glands to have?

Answer 22

epithelial structure

Question 23

What is the thymus gland involved in?

Answer 23

self-defense

Question 24

What is the main effect of the atrial natriuretic peptide?

Answer 24

increase sodium excretion from water

Question 25

How are peptide hormones released from parent cell? Is the half-life long or short?

Answer 25

exocytosis | short

Question 26

How are steroid hormones released from parent cell? Is the half-life long or short?

Answer 26

simple diffusion | long

Question 27

What are 2 types of amine hormones?

Answer 27

catecholamines | thyroid hormones

Question 28

How are catecholamines released from parent cell? Is the half-life long or short?

Answer 28

exocytosis | short

Question 29

How are thyroid hormones released from parent cell? Is the half-life long or short?

Answer 29

transport proteins | long

Question 30

What are preprohormones?

Answer 30

hormone with a signal sequence and peptide fragments attached to it

Question 31

What do the peptide fragments and signal sequence prevent the hormone from doing?

Answer 31

prevents hormone from being activated before getting into the circulation | these need to be cleaved for the hormone to be activated

Question 32

What is the function of the signal sequence on the preprohormone molecule?

Answer 32

guides and directs preprohormone to the ER lumen

Question 33

What are 2 ways hormones can initiate a signaling cascade within a cell?

Answer 33

hormone+receptor activates GPCR | hormone+receptor = activates tyrosine kinase

Question 34

How is cAMP made?

Answer 34

adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP

Question 35

What is the precursor of steroid hormones?

Answer 35

cholesterol

Question 36

What is cholesterol immediately converted into in the making of most steroid hormones?

Answer 36

DHEA

Question 37

Since steroid hormones are lipophilic, how are they transported throughout the circulation?

Answer 37

binds to plasma protein carrier

Question 38

What is the differences between the simple endocrine reflex and multiple pathways of endocrine reflex?

Answer 38

multiple pathway endocrine reflex = more than one stimulus = one result | simple endocrine reflex = one stimulus = one result

Question 39

What does the stomach have that tell the brain the animal has ate a meal?

Answer 39

stomach has stretch receptors

Question 40

What are the 3 types of signaling molecules?

Answer 40

neurotransmitters (local/paracrine) | hormones (distant target, not local) | pheromones (excreted to influence other animals)

Question 41

What are 3 pheromones reviewed in lecture?

Answer 41

CO2 | lactic acid | light

Question 42

How can the Anophaeles gambiae mosquito find us if they cannot see/sense well?

Answer 42

pheromones | we excrete CO2 (exhaling) and lactic acid (in sweat)

Question 43

What is CRISPR used for?

Answer 43

modifying specific gene sequence

Question 44

What are the 2 most important endocrine glands in the body?

Answer 44

pituitary | hypothalamus

Question 45

What are the 2 neurohormones the posterior pituitary stores and releases? Where are these made?

Answer 45

oxytocin | vasopressin | made in hypothalamus

Question 46

What is the hormone oxytocin? What organ is it active on/effects?

Answer 46

involved in childbirth and lactation, start out as preprohormone | on gonads

Question 47

What is the hormone vasopressin? What organ is it active on/effects?

Answer 47

ADH = antidiuretic hormone = prevents body from losing a lot of water, start as preprohormone | on kidneys

Question 48

What are the 6 hormones that the anterior pituitary makes?

Answer 48

prolactin (PRL) | thyrotropin (TSH) | adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) | growth hormone (GH) | follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 49

What dictates the secretion of the hormones made in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 49

hypothalamus

Question 50

What is the growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)?

Answer 50

somatostatin

Question 51

What does prolactin (PRL) affect?

Answer 51

controls milk production

Question 52

What does the growth hormone (GH) affect?

Answer 52

affects metabolism in many tissues

Question 53

What do FSH and LH affect?

Answer 53

affects ovaries and testes

Question 54

What does the TH affect?

Answer 54

thyroid gland

Question 55

What does ACTH affect?

Answer 55

adrenal gland

Question 56

What hormone inhibits the prolactin hormone?

Answer 56

dopamine (PIH)

Question 57

In the Hypothalamus-Pituitary pathway, what is the short-loop feedback to and from?

Answer 57

from pituitary to hypothalamus

Question 58

In the Hypothalamus-Pituitary pathway, what is the long-loop feedback to and from?

Answer 58

hormone released by target organ all the up to the pituitary or hypothalamus