Lecture 21

Question 1

What is the difference between tropic and trophic?

Answer 1

Tropic (aka:tropin) = affects other endocrine gland (tropic can be trophic) | trophic = affects growth

Question 2

What are 4 significant things about the pineal gland?

Answer 2

true endocrine gland | makes melatonin | thought to store the soul | needs to get light signal through eyes or will easily cause depression

Question 3

What role does the pineal gland play?

Answer 3

plays an important role in sleep/wake cycle

Question 4

What are thyroid hormones used for? Are they essential for everyone?

Answer 4

needed for normal growth and development in children | adults do not need thyroid hormones or thyroid gland = can live without it

Question 5

What do thyroid hormones have a long term effect on?

Answer 5

metabolism

Question 6

What are the 2 thyroid hormones? Which one is the active one?

Answer 6

T3 and T4 | T3 = active one | need to convert T4 into T3

Question 7

What happens to infants born with thyroid deficiency?

Answer 7

will be developmentally delayed, can be treated

Question 8

What are amine hormones?

Answer 8

derived from tyrosine | contain iodine

Question 9

What is the thyroid follicle?

Answer 9

in thyroid | makes thyroid hormones in the colloid = 2-3 month supply | single epithelial layer wall | filled with colloid

Question 10

What is the Thyroid-Binding Globulin?

Answer 10

protein that circulates in blood | transports lipophilic T3 and T4 hormones

Question 11

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 11

under larynx, very vascularized

Question 12

What secretes calcitonin?

Answer 12

C-cells in the thyroid gland

Question 13

What is colloid?

Answer 13

glycoprotein

Question 14

What is calcitonin?

Answer 14

hormone making bone denser

Question 15

How many days is the half-life of iodine?

Answer 15

8 days

Question 16

What is TRH and TSH?

Answer 16

thyrotropin releasing hormone | thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 17

What is the origin and chemical nature of thyroid hormones?

Answer 17

from thyroid follicle (colloid) | iodinated amine

Question 18

What is the half-life of T3 and T4?

Answer 18

T3 : 1 day | T4 : 6-7 days

Question 19

What are 3 whole body/tissue reactions to thyroid hormones?

Answer 19

thermogenesis = increase O2 consumption | adults = protein breakdown | kids = protein building

Question 20

What is catabolism and anabolism?

Answer 20

catabolism = breakdown (CAT=bulldozer) | anabolism = building

Question 21

What is a Goiter? (3 characteristics)

Answer 21

excessive stimulation of TSH on thyroid gland = enlarges thyroid gland | not enough iodine in system | more T3 and T4 made

Question 22

What is Myxedema?

Answer 22

hypothyroid people | deposits under skin = causes eye bags

Question 23

What is Exophthalmos?

Answer 23

hyperthyroid people | bulging eyeballs

Question 24

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 24

condition, excess production of T3 and T4

Question 25

What mechanism of disease in Grave's Disease?

Answer 25

thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin = over synthesized >>> acts like TSH on thyroid gland = hyperthyroidism

Question 26

What is Grave's Disease?

Answer 26

a form of hyperthyroidism

Question 27

Why doesn't negative feedback work in Grave's disease?

Answer 27

stimulation is not based on TSH = body senses TSH levels are normal | doesn't measure TSI levels

Question 28

What is thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI)?

Answer 28

protein part of immune system

Question 29

What is hypothyroidism due to?

Answer 29

low iodine

Question 30

How does hypothyroidism cause a goiter?

Answer 30

T3 and T4 levels decrease = stimulates anterior pituitary to make more TSH | TSH buildup = enlarged thyroid gland

Question 31

Where are parathyroid glands located?

Answer 31

4 glands behind thyroid gland

Question 32

What is significant about parathyroid gland?

Answer 32

removal = causes death | makes parathyroid hormone | senses plasma calcium levels

Question 33

What is the chemical nature of parathyroid hormone and its half-life?

Answer 33

peptide hormone | half-life = < 20 mins

Question 34

What is the whole body/tissue reaction due to the parathyroid hormone?

Answer 34

increases plasma calcium

Question 35

What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 35

decrease in plasma calcium from parathyroid glands

Question 36

What are the 3 organs that parathyroid hormone act on?

Answer 36

bone | kidney | intestines

Question 37

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 37

on top of kidneys

Question 38

What are the 2 embryonic tissues of adrenal glands?

Answer 38

adrenal cortex = outter (steroid hormones) | adrenal medulla = inner

Question 39

What hormone stimulates the adrenal gland?

Answer 39

ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 40

What are the 4 regions of the adrenal gland that secretes hormones?

Answer 40

zona glomerulosa | zona fasciculata | zona reticularis | adrenal medulla

Question 41

In which region of the adrenal gland is aldosterone secreted?

Answer 41

zona glomerulosa

Question 42

In which region of the adrenal gland are glucocorticoids secreted?

Answer 42

zona fasciculata | glucocorticoids = cortisol

Question 43

In which region of the adrenal gland are sex hormones secreted?

Answer 43

zona reticularis

Question 44

In which region of the adrenal gland are catecholamines secreted?

Answer 44

adrenal medulla | catecholamines = epinephrine

Question 45

What are the 2 areas in which steroid hormones are made?

Answer 45

adrenal cortex | gonads

Question 46

What molecule are steroid hormones made out of?

Answer 46

cholesterol

Question 47

What are the 5 steroid hormones made from cholesterol?

Answer 47

aldosterone | progesterone | estradiol | testosterone | cortisol (stress hormone)

Question 48

How does cortisol affect adipose tissue?

Answer 48

causes lipolysis = breakdown lipids

Question 49

How does cortisol affect muscles?

Answer 49

protein catabolism = breakdown of protein

Question 50

How does cortisol affect the liver?

Answer 50

gluconeogenesis = making glucose, byproduct = ketones

Question 51

How does cortisol affect the immune system?

Answer 51

suppresses overresponse of immune system