Lecture 3

Question 1

what are the 3 basic components of connective tissue

Answer 1

1. highly specialized cells
2. non-cellular matrix
3. extra cellular fibers produced by themselves
   • collagen based = provide strength and flexible
   • elastin based = provide elasticity
   • reticular fibers = provide structure for soft tissue.

Question 2

what are the 4 PROPER connective tissues

Answer 2

1. loose CT
2. dense regular CT
3. dense irregular CT
4. elastic CT

Question 3

what is loose connective tissue & it’s subcategories

Answer 3

fills spaces between organs

adipose = FAT. fat is a connective tissue

reticular: fibrous mesh: slows things down and found in LYMPH NODES & BONE MARROW

areolar: fibrous mesh: slimy stuff between fascia and underlies epithelia

Question 4

what is dense regular connective tissue
found in?
fibers run?

Answer 4

have TENSILE STRENGTH which resists pulling forces in one direction

HAS to be strong in 1 direction

found in tendons and ligaments

fibers rub PARALLEL

Question 5

what is dense irregular connective tissue
provides what?
wrapped around what?
pull in what direction?
fibers are?

Answer 5

provides STRENGTH

capable of multidirectional tension

wrapped around BONES and ORGANS

needs to be pulled in all directions

fibers are CHAOTIC

Question 6

what does periosteum mean

Answer 6

a dense layer of vascular CT around the BONES

Question 7

what does peritoneum mean

Answer 7

the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covers the ORGANS

Question 8

what is elastic connective tissue

fibers run?

Answer 8

fiber directions mostly STRAIGHT

very stretchy

lots of flexibility

Question 9

what are 3 different CONNECTIVE tissues

Answer 9

proper connective tissues (4)

supporting connective tissues

fluid based connective tissues

Question 10

types of SUPPORTING connective tissue

Answer 10

bone and cartilage

Question 11

types of FLUID BASED connective tissues

Answer 11

blood and lymph

Question 12

how much % of body weight is your skin

Answer 12

15%

Question 13

what are the 7 functions of skin

Answer 13

1. protection from abrasion/chemicals/pathogens
2. prevention of water loss and temp regulation
3. synthesis of vitamin D (Ca, P)
4. sensory reception (pressure/pain)
5. communication of emotions (blushing/dogs hair/goosebumps)
6. storage of fat - insulation
7. excretion of water, electrolytes, and drugs

Question 14

3 layers of the skin

Answer 14

epidermis (on top)

dermis (middle)

hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) - bottom

Question 15

4 proteins of the skin and what they do

Answer 15

collagen - gives support

keratin - hair/fingernails

melanin - skin color

carotene - skin pigment but we have to eat it. we don’t produce it

Question 16

5 layers of the epidermis

Answer 16

(Cute Ladies Get Sweet Guys)

1. stratum corneum - dead cells - top
2. stratum lucidum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum spinosum
5. stratum germinativum

Question 17

what are epidermal ridges

Answer 17

fingertips

Question 18

what factors affect skin color and why

Answer 18

blood - pink tinge - bright red- gives us color

carotene - vegetable pigment (carrots)

melanin - pigment granules in epidermis - the # of type of cells varies pigment which means different color

Question 19

what is melanoma

Answer 19

a type of skin cancer which develops from the cells melanocytes that control pigment of the skin

(from UV light exposure)

Question 20

what layer of skin is the thickest part

Answer 20

dermis

Question 21

what fibers are in the dermis

Answer 21

elastic, reticular, collagen

Question 22

what does the dermis contain

Answer 22

blood vessels, lymph, nerve endings, sweat glands

Question 23

what the dermis’ 2 layers

Answer 23

papillary layer - distorts the overlying epidermis (finger tips)

reticular layer - strength - supports BVs, lymph, nerve endings and glands

Question 24

what does the hypodermis contain

Answer 24

(subcutaneous layer)

contains blood vessels

directly above muscle

a lot of fat

Question 25

what are some accessory structures of the skin

Answer 25

hair nails glands (all are composites of dermis and epidermis)

Question 26

what are the parts of the nail

Answer 26

hyponychium = free-edge = the nail hanging over finger eponychium = cuticle = stratum corneum lunula = the white part of nail by cuticle nail root = point of growth

Question 27

true or false as the nail goes into the finger, the epidermis is still wrapped around it (along with hair)

Answer 27

true

Question 28

why is a hair follicle lubricated by a sebaceous gland?

Answer 28

it keeps the hair follicle most and protects it

Question 29

what is arrector pilli m

Answer 29

goosebumps

Question 30

which structure of the hair cell is mitotically active

Answer 30

hair bulb

Question 31

what cells does the hair bulb produce

Answer 31

keratinized cells which gives the hair shaft

Question 32

is hair alive

Answer 32

NO

Question 33

what does hair act as

Answer 33

a filter perception sensitivity protection retains heat

Question 34

what are the 2 types of hair

Answer 34

vellus (peach fuzz) covers most of body terminal (all other) head, body, eyebrows, eyelashes - thick

Question 35

what is androgenetic

Answer 35

pattern baldness

Question 36

what is alopecia

Answer 36

don’t have hair anywhere

Question 37

what is hirsutism

Answer 37

women having facial hair

Question 38

what is hypertrichosis

Answer 38

more hair than normal

Question 39

what are the 2 basic types of glands

Answer 39

endocrine & exocrine

Question 40

what do endocrine glands do

Answer 40

release cell products directly into intercellular fluid and/or blood supply inside the body and the products they create are going to deliver their product BACK INTO the body eNDocrine = NoDuct

Question 41

what are exocrine glands

Answer 41

secretions releases from the epithelial surface into small ducts that empty to the lumen of the GI tract or skin surface starts in the body somewhere and uses a DUCT to get its product out delivers product outside of body (GI tract is still considered outside = donut) EXocrine = exit through a duct

Question 42

what are the 3 MECHANISMS of exocrine gland secretion

Answer 42

merocrine glands apocrine glands holocrine glands

Question 43

what are merocrine glands

Answer 43

a type of exocrine gland in which the secretory products are released without resulting in any damage to the cell salivary glands & sweat glands continually produce their products - tears and saliva never shut off no odor

Question 44

what are appocrine glands

Answer 44

a type of exocrine gland where just the TOP of the cell breaks off and then goes into solution wherever it’s going to go activated at PUBERTY ARMPIT & GENITAL REGION odor to it release SOME products and SOME of the cell

Question 45

what are holocrine glands

Answer 45

exocrine gland where cell fragments and cell products are released together from the gland cells must be replaced by mitosis example: SEBACEOUS GLAND AKA OILS release ALL products and ALL cells

Question 46

what are the 5 TYPES of exocrine glands

Answer 46

merocrine sweat glands (palms, soles, most of body) apocrine sweat glands (pheromone and odorous sweat) mammary glands (milk) ceruminous glands (ear wax) sebaceous glands (oil)

Question 47

what exocrine mechanism is utilized by mammary glands

Answer 47

apocrine & merocrine

Question 48

what exocrine mechanism is utilized by ceruminous glands

Answer 48

apocrine & holocrine

Question 49

what exocrine mechanism is utilized by sebaceous glands?

Answer 49

holocrine

Question 50

what is rosacea

Answer 50

red cheeks sebaceous gland hyperplasia inflammation of sebaceous gland gives rosy cheek appearance

Question 51

what is cyanosis

Answer 51

deficiency of oxygen bluish tint to thin skin (lips, gums)

Question 52

what is an ulcer

Answer 52

localized shedding of the epithelium

Question 53

what is a decubitis ulcer

Answer 53

on bed rest = pressure to skin = no movement for long periods of time = chronic lack of blood supply = kills cells and causes sores

Question 54

what are wrinkles

Answer 54

collagen/ elastic fibers damaged by chemicals/UV rays SHREDDED collagen/elastic fibers cause stretch marks where the skin expands in short period of time

Question 55

what is folliculitis

Answer 55

bacteria in hair follicle that causes inflammation

Question 56

what is seborrheic dermatitis

Answer 56

dandruff inflammation of over-active sebaceous glands