Lecture 4

Question 1

structural types of cartilage

Answer 1

cartilage is a connective tissue (cells, matrix, fibers)

tough, resilient, avascular gel, capable of fast growth

Question 2

components of cartilage

Answer 2

water

collagen (type II) protein

proteoglycans

Question 3

what does chondr mean

Answer 3

cartilage

Question 4

what are 3 TYPES of cartilage

Answer 4

hyaline cartilage

elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage

Question 5

what is hyaline cartilage

Answer 5

cartilage attached to bone is HYALINE cartilage

collagen fibers

example: part of nasal septum, ribs, sternum, joint surfaces, & developing bone

most cells but least a mouth of collagen

Question 6

what is elastic cartilage

Answer 6

elastin fibers

example: external ear, tip of nose

more elastic

rebound nice and easy

Question 7

what is fibrocartilage
example?

Answer 7

densely inter-woven collagen fibers

example: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

almost identical to a tendon but it has cartilage properties

LEAST amount of cells but MOST amount of cartilage

Question 8

is a bone a connective tissue

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

is bone living

Answer 9

YES

Question 10

what does bone do

Answer 10

stores calcium, fat, & makes blood cells

Question 11

what are some functions of bone tissue

Answer 11

structural support for the body

storage of minerals (calcium) and lipids (fat)

blood cell production (hematopoiesis)

protection (rib cage, skull, spinal column)

leverage (muscle attachment = movement)

Question 12

which of the following functions is common to both skin and bone

Answer 12

fat storage

Question 13

what is the structure of a long bone

Answer 13

diaphysis = middle part of bone (hollow)

epiphysis = ends of bone (spongey)

metaphysis = zone between diaphysis and metaphysis

Question 14

what is the nutrient foramen

Answer 14

hole in diaphysis for blood vessel

Question 15

what is the medullary cavity

Answer 15

(bone marrow) cavity within diaphysis (hallow space)

Question 16

what does yellow bone marrow contain

Answer 16

fat cells

Question 17

what does red bone marrow contain

Answer 17

blood cells

Question 18

what is the periosteum

Answer 18

membrane on external surface of bone

wraps around EVERY ONE of our bones

it’s a growth limiting tissue that keeps a bone from getting too big

Question 19

what is endosteum

Answer 19

membrane on inner walls of the medullary cavity

INSIDE medullary cavity

Question 20

what is between periosteum and endosteum

Answer 20

compact bone

Question 21

what is compact bone composed of

Answer 21

osteons

lamellae

osteocytes

Question 22

what is the functional unit of bone

Answer 22

osteon

Question 23

what are the holes between the lamellae

Answer 23

luncae

Question 24

what is lacunae filled with

Answer 24

osteocytes

Question 25

what do osteocytes live in

Answer 25

lacunae and they do NOT move (adult cell)

Question 26

where do central (Haversian) canals carry nerves arteries and vessels

Answer 26

THROUGH an osteon

Question 27

where do perforating (Volkmans) canals carry nerves arteries and vessels

Answer 27

BETWEEN osteons

Question 28

what is trabecular bone

Answer 28

appears spongy Haversian canals and osteons are modified/reduced osteocytes and canliculi are found throughout the trabeculae

Question 29

diaphysis are usually made of what bone

Answer 29

compact

Question 30

epiphysis are usually made of what bone

Answer 30

trabecular

Question 31

bone tissue has what 4 primary types of cells

Answer 31

1. fibroblasts 2. osteoblasts (young cell) 3. osteocytes (adult cell) 4. osteoclasts (breakdown)

Question 32

what is the function of osteoblasts

Answer 32

produce new bone matrix

Question 33

what is the function of osteocytes

Answer 33

(mature cells surrounded by their OWN matrix) cycle/recycle calcium levels in bone matrix

Question 34

what is the function of osteoclasts

Answer 34

remove bone matrix

Question 35

what are the 2 methods of bone FORMATION

Answer 35

intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification

Question 36

what is intramembranous ossification

Answer 36

osteoblasts lay down bone matrix BETWEEN 2 membranes NO CARTILAGE INVOLVED (in flat bone: skull, facial bones, braincase) * patella is also formed via intra. ossif. = flat and develops between membranes

Question 37

what is endochondral ossification

Answer 37

osteoblasts lay down bone matrix where cartilage WAS REPLACES CARTILAGE chondr = cartilage (in long bones: femur, humerus, basicranium)

Question 38

why is endochondral and intramembranous ossification important

Answer 38

endo: it is essential to the development and growth of long bones of the body intra: is important because it allows the skull and shoulders to deform and be flexible so babies can go through birth canal

Question 39

what is the order of endochondral ossification

Answer 39

fibroblasts -> CHONDROBLASTS -> fibroblasts -> osteoblast -> osteocytes

Question 40

what is the order of intramembranous ossification

Answer 40

fibroblast -> osteoblasts -> osteocytes

Question 41

typical components of growth of lone bones

Answer 41

primary ossification center in diaphysis secondary ossification center in epiphysis epiphyseal plate (cartilage) between diaphysis and epiphysis

Question 42

what are epiphyseal plates used for

Answer 42

to estimate age once you are done growing there is no more growth plate

Question 43

do primary/secondary centers expand

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

do growth plates expand?

Answer 44

yes

Question 45

if cartilage growth slows, what happens to epiphyseal plates

Answer 45

they close

Question 46

what happens when bone growth stops

Answer 46

diaphysis and epiphysis fuse together

Question 47

a plate in the bone means

Answer 47

it’s still growing

Question 48

a line in the bone means

Answer 48

the growth plate is done growing

Question 49

what is growth in bone diameter

Answer 49

appositional growth

Question 50

a new bone is made by what and where

Answer 50

osteoblasts and in periosteum

Question 51

old bone is destroyed by what and where

Answer 51

osteoclasts and in endosteum

Question 52

what is osteogenic distraction

Answer 52

break your bones to keep them growing break it, lengthen it, break it, lengthen it

Question 53

she impaled her femur all the way through with a screw. what is the correct order of the path the screw took?

Answer 53

periosteum, compact bone, endosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum, compact bone, periosteum