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Anatomy > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

It takes most bones years to _____

A

Fully develop

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2
Q

All bones service from

A

Mesenchymal tissue

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3
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Cranium

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4
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

Bone lengthens at ______ junction

A

Diaphyseal-epiphyseal junction

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6
Q

ChondrocyTes change into

A

Oceocytes

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7
Q

Closure of epiphyseal plates mark _____

A

End growth

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8
Q

Cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis and then develops

A

Cavities

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9
Q

The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone

A

Forms

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10
Q

The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms secondary ossification centers appear in

A

Epiphyses

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11
Q

When ossification is complete, hyaline cartilage remains only in

A

Epiphyseal plates

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12
Q

Tubular shafts (levers)

A

Long bones

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13
Q

Cube shaped (articulating surfaces)

A

Short bones

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14
Q

Curved (provide protection )

A

Flat

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15
Q

Not defined very well (many muscle attachments )

A

Irregular

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16
Q

Sesamoid

A

Within muscles/tendons (mechanical advantage)

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17
Q

Tendons run parallel to

A

Muscle

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18
Q

Tendons connect

A

Muscle to bone

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19
Q

Tendons resist

A

Parallel tension

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20
Q

Tenocytes control metabolism and _____

A

Respond to stimuli

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21
Q

Tendons main function

A

Resist tensile loads and is REACTIVE

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22
Q

When injured response time is slowed,

A

Start pulling on bone too much (causes inflammation)

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23
Q

Isometric (tendon healing)

A

Have constant tension (resetting)

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24
Q

Slow eccentric and then concentric contraction tendons

A

How you get sore- the tendons need to allow lengthening process so they know what to do when they are longer

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25
Q

Progress load and speed

A

Concentric activity

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26
Q

Tendon pulling too much

A

Patella tendonopathy

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27
Q

Muscles are named for their

A

Length shape, function, attachment/position, and size

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28
Q

What muscle is named for shape

A

Trapezius

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29
Q

What muscles are named for size

A

Rhomboid major/minor

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30
Q

What muscle is named for location/position

A

Latissimus dorsi

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31
Q

What muscle is named for attachment?

A

Interspinalis

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32
Q

What muscle is named for function

A

Levator scapulae

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33
Q

Muscles attach to tendons at

A

Myotendinous junction

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34
Q

Common location for muscle injury

A

Myotendinous junction

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35
Q

Primordial muscle cells elongate and fuse to form

A

Myotubes

36
Q

Myotubes and myoblasts fuse to produce

A

Growth

37
Q

Muscle composition

A

(Water, protein, organic/inorganic compounds)

38
Q

How much water is in muscle

A

75%

39
Q

Muscle fibers=

A

Cells

40
Q

Most muscles in the body are present at birth or

A

Develop within 1 year

41
Q

Muscles increase in ________ based on activity

A

Diameter

42
Q

Muscles increase in length based on ________

A

Skeletal system

43
Q

Actin and myosin form the

A

Sarcomere

44
Q

Bundle of myofibrils

A

Muscle fiber

45
Q

Small group of muscle fibers

A

Fascicle

46
Q

Smaller group of muscle fibers are innervated by a single nerve

A

Motor unit

47
Q

Structural unit is made up of

A

Many sarcomeres

48
Q

A functional unit is a

A

Motor unit

49
Q

Motor neuron cell bodies begin in

A

Spinal cord

50
Q

All motor neurons fire synchronously or

A

Not at all

51
Q

Smaller motor units are recruited first then larger motor units

A

Henneman size principle

52
Q

Lifting a large weight

A

All motor units are working

53
Q

Acetylcholine released as the

A

Neurotransmitter

54
Q

5 ms for

A

Skeletal muscle

55
Q

200ms for

A

Cardiac muscles

56
Q

Action potentials travel along

A

Sarcolemma

57
Q

Action potentials travel along sarcolemma (cell membrane) and down t tubercles

A

Neuromuscular junction

58
Q

Transmits action potential to signal CALCIUM to release at terminal cisternae

A

T tubule

59
Q

Surrounds each myofibril

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

Calcium is released and binds to

A

Troponin

61
Q

Troponin moves ______ out of The way so myosin can bind to actin

A

Tropomyosin

62
Q

End of power stroke

A

ATP comes and releases energy of actin myosin connection

63
Q

Power stroke

A

Myosin crawls along actin

64
Q

Type 1 muscle fiber

A

Slow twitch , slow to fatigue , endurance

65
Q

Long distance running

A

Type1 slow twitch, long distance

66
Q

Type 2

A

Fast twitch, less blood supply, power/sprint/strength

67
Q

Skeletal striated

A

Somatic nervous system (voluntary)

68
Q

Single cylindrical fibers with transverse striations

A

Skeletal striated

69
Q

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

A

Cardiac

70
Q

Smooth muscle is

A

Involuntary (autonomic system

71
Q

No striation, overlapping system

A

Smooth muscle

72
Q

Muscles will only

A

Pull

73
Q

Constant pull or tension of the muscle at rest

A

Tonic contraction

74
Q

Active contraction of the muscle

A

Phasic contraction

75
Q

Phasic contraction can either be

A

Isometric or isotonic

76
Q

No movement/no change, holding water bottle

A

Isometric

77
Q

Picking up water bottle to drink

A

Concentric

78
Q

Putting water bottle down

A

Eccentric

79
Q

Muscle strains occur when tensile force is ______ or _______ than the muscle contraction

A

Greater, faster

80
Q

Small groups of fibers surrounded by connective tissue

A

Intrafusal fibers

81
Q

Muscle tone is constant tension on _______

A

Muscle spindles

82
Q

Muscle stretch initiates contraction response

A

Stretch reflex

83
Q

Faster stretch faster response in

A

Healthy muscle tissues

84
Q

Alpha and gamma fibers are always firing to control

A

Movement

85
Q

Free nerve endings within the tendon and Myotendinous junction

A

Golgi tendon organs

86
Q

Golgi tendon organs reacts to

A

Muscle tension

87
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Patellar tendon reflex

Anatomy (16 decks)

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