Lecture 3

Question 1

Define arbuscule

Answer 1

branched, tree like organ, in mycorrhizal fungi

Question 2

What characteristics must fungi reproductive organs posses to increase their chances of success

Answer 2

R.A.D
R= resist- harsh conditions (hibernates)
A= adapt- to environment (sexual recombination)
D= disperse- to new environment (spores; conidia)

Question 3

What are the 4 dispersal mechanisms of fungi

Answer 3

1. ) wind dispersal
2. ) rain dispersal
3. ) water (stream) dispersal
4. ) animal dispersal

Question 4

What form are fungi dispersed

Answer 4

spores

Question 5

What is wind dispersal; what kind of characteristics do wind dispersed spores have in common

Answer 5

• use of wind; eg. mushroom cap

spores:

• small
• dry
• light
• powdery texture
• UV protected

Question 6

What is rain dispersal & what characteristics must the spores dispersed this way have to increase their chances of success

Answer 6

• use of rain, wet, splash

spores:
- sticky spores

Question 7

What is water (stream) dispersal & what characteristics do the spores dispersed this way have

Answer 7

• use water

spores:

• complex shapes
• and/or often branched

Question 8

What is animal dispersal & what characteristics do the spores dispersed this way have

Answer 8

• animal vector (eg. fly, cow, arthropods, mammals, etc)

spores:

• large
• sticky
• thick walled spores (resistant to digestion of animals)

Question 9

true or false; insects can disperse fungal spores

Answer 9

true

Question 10

true or false; termites create “fungus gardens” - cultivate the fungus to process leaf material so that it can be digested by the termites

Answer 10

true

Question 11

What transports DED

Answer 11

• transported and inoculated by bark borrowing beetles

Question 12

What controls the naming of fungi

Answer 12

ICN

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

Question 13

what was the naming of fungi traditionally based on

Answer 13

appearance of teleomorphic/sexual stage of life cycle structures

Question 14

What does anamorph mean

Answer 14

asexual stage

Question 15

What does teleomorph mean

Answer 15

sexual stage

Question 16

What revolutionized fungi classification

Answer 16

sequence data of genome

Question 17

true or false; venturia inequalis = spilocaea pomi

Answer 17

true

Question 18

What is the new name for Spilocaea pomi

Answer 18

Fusicladium pomi

Question 19

What are the characteristics of chytrids

Answer 19

• most primitive fungi
• lack true mycelium
• coenocytic
• aseptate hyphae
• walls contain chitin
• thick walled resting spores or sporangia (prevent from drying out)
• multicellular diploid stage
• motile zoospores
• water or soil inhibiting

Question 20

Where are chytrids found

Answer 20

water or soil inhibiting

Question 21

What are 3 examples of Chytrids

Answer 21

1. ) Physoderma alfalfae (crown wart)
2. ) Olpidium brassicae (on roots of lettuce)
3. ) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) ; contributes to decline of frogs globally

Question 22

What are the characteristics of Zygomycota

Answer 22

• have true mycelium
• aseptate generally
• coenocytic hyphae
• profuse, rapidly growing hyphae

Question 23

What are the asexual structures of zygomycota

Answer 23

Sporangium
sporangiophore
rhizoids

Question 24

What is sporangium

Answer 24

contains sporangiospores

Question 25

What is sporangiophore

Answer 25

stalk that holds up sporangium

Question 26

What are rhizoids

Answer 26

root like structures

Question 27

What do you call the sexual structures of zygomycota

Answer 27

gemetangia

Question 28

What happens after the fusion of 2 gametangia

Answer 28

formation of zygosporangium

Question 29

What does a zygosporangium contain

Answer 29

- contains zygospore resistant, survival structure

Question 30

Define heterothallic fungus

Answer 30

requires combination of a + and - strain for sexual reproduction

Question 31

Define homothallic fungus

Answer 31

self fertile | can produce sexual structures form a single genetic strain

Question 32

What is a zygomycete example of a heterothallic

Answer 32

Rhizopus stolonifer

Question 33

How do zygomycetes disperse their spores

Answer 33

spore guns; like Pilobolus dung inhabiting 5-10mm sporangiophores light detection (phototropism)

Question 34

Where can zygomycetes be found

Answer 34

soil saprobes weak plant parasites insect parasites

Question 35

What is a zygomycete example of soil parasite

Answer 35

Entomophthora muscae

Question 36

What are examples of uses of Zygomycetes in the industry

Answer 36

1. ) Mucor and Rhizopus - tempeh production (soybean cake) 2. ) Mucor - rennet production (enzyme involved in cheese production) 3.) Rhizopus - produces fumaric acid (paper industry, improve strength and stiffness of paper)