Lecture 4

Question 1

What are the two main types of mycorrhizas

Answer 1

Endomycorrhiza

Ectomycorrhiza

Question 2

What is an Endomycorrhiza

Answer 2

• most common; occurring 80% of all vascular plants
• fungal component is a glomeromycete
  specialized structures (vesicles and arbuscules)
• structure penetrates cortical cells of the plant root (endo)
• association not very specific (200 species of glomeromycete involved)

Question 3

What are two examples of Endomycorrhizas

Answer 3

Gigaspora
Glomus
- arbuscules within cortical cells

Question 4

What is an Ectomycorrhiza

Answer 4

• most formed by basidiomycete
• less often formed with ascomycetes
• formed in temperate regions with certain tree and shrub species (beech & tea tree)
• fungus does not penetrate the root cells but forms a net-like structure (Hartig net) surrounding the root and between the cortical cells
• specific interaction between plant and fungus

Question 5

What are the characteristics of Ascomycota

Answer 5

• septate hyphae (perforated with pore);or single cells in yeasts
• conidiophores
• conidia
• asci
• naked asci
• hymenium
• ascomata (ascocarp)

Question 6

What is a conidiophore

Answer 6

• has a soft wall at the tip
• pressure causes the wall to inflate; forming a bud
• crosswall forms at the base of the bud to release the spore
• regenerate the conidiophore inflatable tip
• repetition leads to a chain of spores
• produces conidia at tip

Question 7

What is the main way of dispersal of ascomycetes

Answer 7

conidia

- asexual reproduction

Question 8

What are ascospores

Answer 8

sexual spores produced in ascus

Question 9

What is an ascus

Answer 9

(plural asci)

sacs produced in a hymenium

Question 10

What is a hymenium

Answer 10

fertile layer of asci found within an ascocarp(singular)

Question 11

What is an ascocarp/ascoma

ascomata (pl)

Answer 11

sexual fruiting body

Question 12

How many ascospores are in an ascus

Answer 12

8

Question 13

What are the three form types of Ascomata

Answer 13

1. ) Cleistothecium
2. ) Perithecium
3. ) Apothecium

Question 14

What does a Cleistothecium look like

Answer 14

closed

Question 15

What does a Perithecium look like

Answer 15

flask + pore

Question 16

What does a Apothecium look like

Answer 16

cup

Question 17

Where is ascomata usually found

Answer 17

embedded in host tissue or on

Question 18

What are two examples of ascomyctes

Answer 18

Botrytis cinerea

Venturia inequalis

Question 19

true or false; Botrytis cinerea is an anamorph classfication

Answer 19

true

Question 20

What is the teleomorph term for Botrytis cinerea

Answer 20

Botryotinia fuckeliana (rare)

Question 21

What is the anamorph word of apple scab fungus

Answer 21

Spilocaea pomi

Question 22

What is the teleomorph word for apple scab fungus

Answer 22

Venturia inequalis

Question 23

What causes Peach leaf curl fungus

Answer 23

Taphrina deformans

Question 24

What is formed on the surface of a peach leaf when infected with Peach leaf curl fungus

Answer 24

naked asci forming on hymenium (no ascomata)

Question 25

What does naked asci mean

Answer 25

formation of asci on hymenium without an ascoma/ascomata

Question 26

What is Claviceps purpurea or Ergot fungus

Answer 26

- endophyte (mutualistic symbiont) - produces ergots on rye flowerheads - causes ergotism = human disease - can be used to make Ergotamine (migraines)

Question 27

What are the symptoms of ergotism

Answer 27

gangrene nervous spasms psychotic delusions convulsions (Salem witches)

Question 28

Why does Claviceps purpurea cause ergotism

Answer 28

the ergots on the rye flowerhead produce ergot alkaloids

Question 29

What are the characteristics of Ergots

Answer 29

- can withstand winter - hard - black structure

Question 30

What is Awheto

Answer 30

fungus | Cordyceps robertsii

Question 31

true or false; Awheto is an insect parasite and charcoal pigment for ta moko

Answer 31

true

Question 32

What are examples of edible ascomycetes

Answer 32

morels | truffles (ectomycorrhizal)

Question 33

What causes thrush

Answer 33

Candida albicans - problematic when low immunity - opportunistic pathogen

Question 34

What is an example of ascomycete yeast

Answer 34

Saccharomyces cereviseae

Question 35

What are lichens

Answer 35

- mutualistic symbiotic associations - ascomycetes and photosynthetic green algae and/or cyanobacteria - occupy harsh environments - environmental pollution indicators (lots of lichens means clean air)

Question 36

What is a lichen comprised of

Answer 36

Algae (or cyanobacterium) + fungus

Question 37

What is the significance of cyanobacterium in lichens

Answer 37

allows nitrogen fixation

Question 38

What are industrially important anamorphic fungi (asexual) ; genus

Answer 38

Penicillium and Aspergillus

Question 39

What are examples of the roles of Peniciullium in the industry

Answer 39

Penicillium roquefortii - blue cheese | Penicillium camemberti - camembert and brie

Question 40

What are the roles of Aspergillus in the industry

Answer 40

Aspergillus oryzae and A. soyae - soybean fermentation A. oryzae - sake Aspergillus - large scale production of citric acid for food industry

Question 41

Define ascogonium

Answer 41

female gametangium of ascomycetes

Question 42

Define trichogyne

Answer 42

In red algae and certain ascomycetes and Basidiomycota, a receptive protuberance of the female gametangium for the conveyance of spermatia

Question 43

Define crozier

Answer 43

A hooked tip formed by the apical cell of an ascogenous hypha that allows paired nuclei to divide simultaneously, one in the hypha and the other in the hook

Question 44

Define ascogenous hyphae

Answer 44

Hyphae containing paired haploid male and female nuclei; they develop to form an ascogonium and eventually give rise to asci