Lecture 5

Question 1

What is Penicillium (anamorphic)

Answer 1

• Discovered by Alexander Fleming 1928
• antibiotic
• treat bacterial infections in WWII

Question 2

What are examples of a damaging anamorophic fungi

Answer 2

Aspergillus flavus

Fusarium oxysporum

Question 3

What does Aspergillus flavus do

Answer 3

• produces aflatoxin (a secondary metabolite)
• relatively common contaminant of stored food products eg. dry grains, nuts (liver cancer)
• carcinogenic (vulnerable are AIDS patients and people with low immune strength)

Question 4

What does Fusarium oxysporum do

Answer 4

• common plant pathogen
• lung disease in AIDS patients
• fungal infection in immuno- suppressed individuals; are a common problem

Question 5

What is Cyttaria

Answer 5

“Beech strawberry”

• native, edible, ascomycete
• eaten by birds and possums

Question 6

What are the characteristics of Basidiomycetes

Answer 6

• septate hyphae
• dolipore septa
• parenthesomes
• clamp connection
• basidiospore
• basidium (singular); basidia

Question 7

What is a dolipore

Answer 7

pore with parenthesomes

Question 8

What are parenthesomes

Answer 8

restrict the movement of nuclei

Question 9

What is a clamp connection

Answer 9

ensure distribution of two genetically distinct nuclei to each cell in dikaryotic hyphae (though no clamp connections in rusts and smuts)

Question 10

What is a basidiospore

Answer 10

sexual spores, primary means of reproduction

Question 11

true or false; after germination, septa form in hyphae between nuclei, producing monokarytoic cells (homokaryon)

Answer 11

true

Question 12

What is monokaryon

Answer 12

single nucleus per cell

Question 13

What is a homokaryon

Answer 13

one type of nucleus throughout

Question 14

What are the three parts of Basidiomycota fruiting body

Answer 14

sterigma
basidiospores
basidium

Question 15

How many basidiospores arise from a basidium

Answer 15

4

Question 16

Where are basidiospores produced

Answer 16

basidia

Question 17

Where are basidia formed on or in

Answer 17

basidiocarps (basidomata)

Question 18

true or false; rusts and smuts do not have basidiocarp

Answer 18

true

Question 19

What are the three subphyla of Basidiomycetes

Answer 19

1. ) Agarico-myco- tina
2. ) Puccinio-myco-tina
3. ) Ustil-agino-myco-tina

Question 20

When are clamp connections formed

Answer 20

during cell division

Question 21

How is Basidiomycota classified

Answer 21

on the basis of phylogenetic relationships

Question 22

What is Agaricomycotina

Answer 22

Hymenomycetes

Gasteromycetes

Question 23

What is Pucciniomycotina

Answer 23

rust fungi

- depend on living plants

Question 24

What is Ustilaginomycotina

Answer 24

smut fugi

Question 25

Since smut and rust fungi do not have basidiocarps, how do they produce spores

Answer 25

in masses known as sori (sorus singular)

Question 26

What are Hymenomycetes

Answer 26

spores exposed on basidiocarp in a fertile layer | eg, mushrooms, brackets

Question 27

What are Gasteromycetes

Answer 27

(stomach fungi) | - produce basidia & spores inside a basdioma (no distinct hymenium)

Question 28

What are examples of edible mushrooms (Hymenomycetes)

Answer 28

shitake wood ear button mushroom

Question 29

What is the latin name for button mushroom

Answer 29

Agaricus bisporus

Question 30

What are two examples of deadly mushrooms (Hymenomycetes)

Answer 30

``` Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) Death cap (Amanita phalloides) ```

Question 31

What causes dry rot fungus; causes structural damage

Answer 31

Serpula lacrymans

Question 32

Who is Chew Chong

Answer 32

- wood ear and dairy entrepreneur - identified wood ear fungus (Taranaki wool) - exported it to China

Question 33

What Hymenomycete has a sky blue color

Answer 33

Entoloma hochstetteri

Question 34

What is an example of a hallucinogenic mushroom

Answer 34

Psilocybe - used in religious ceremonies Indians of Mexico and Central America - psilocybin is a structural analogue of LSD

Question 35

What is an example of a glow in the dark fungi

Answer 35

Pleurotus nidiformis

Question 36

What causes Pleurotus nidiformis to glow in the dark

Answer 36

- probably an accidental by-product of energy exchanges | - bio-luminescence: chemical energy converted to light energy

Question 37

true or false; there is a coral, jelly and tooth fungi

Answer 37

true

Question 38

What is an example of Polypore fungi and Boletes

Answer 38

Ganoderma Polyporus Xerocomus

Question 39

What are examples of Gasteromycetes

Answer 39

stink horns puffballs bird's-nest fungi earth stars

Question 40

What are two examples of stinkhorns

Answer 40

basket fungus | flower fungus

Question 41

What do Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina have in common

Answer 41

- major plant pathogens - obligate parasites (cannot live saprobically) - produce spores in masses known as sori (urediniospores)

Question 42

Define heteroecious

Answer 42

two or more hosts

Question 43

What is the latin name of wheat rust

Answer 43

Puccinia graminis

Question 44

what are the 5 different reproductive cells of Puccinia graminis

Answer 44

1. ) basidiospores 2. ) spermatia 3. ) aeciospores 4. ) urediniospores 5. ) teliospores

Question 45

true or false; Puccinia graminis spends part of its life cycle on barberry and part on wheat

Answer 45

true

Question 46

What do sori contain

Answer 46

urediniospores

Question 47

what is the latin name of corn smut

Answer 47

Ustilago maydis

Question 48

What does Ustilago maydis look like

Answer 48

- black dusty teliospores - occupy seeds - Mexican delicacy "huitlacoche"

Question 49

What do the Mexicans call Ustilago maydis

Answer 49

huitlacoche

Question 50

Give a general description of Mycorrhiza

Answer 50

- symbiotic associations - fungi and plant roots - most plant species - low nutrient soils eg. low Phosphorous - increase nutrients to plants - protection against pests (nematodes) and pathogens (fungi and bacteria)

Question 51

What are the two major types of Mycorrhizas

Answer 51

Ectomycorrhiza | Endomycorrhiza

Question 52

What is an Enctomycorrhiza

Answer 52

- fungus surrounds (ecto) root - no penetration of living cells- hyphae grow between root cells - important in temperate regions (beech, oak, poplar, pine, eucalyptus) - mostly with basidiomycetes (eg. mushrooms) but sometimes with ascomycetes (eg. truffles) - never with glomeromycete >5000 species of fungi involved - very high specificity

Question 53

What are Endomycorrhizas

Answer 53

- more common 80% if vascular plants - fungi involved are Glomeromycota (few fungal species) - relationship is not very specific - penetrate inside root cells - Absorption structure (arbuscules and/or vesicles) - important in tropics- phosphates bound in positively charged soil (acidic)