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102 Fungal Biology & Diversity > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Penicillium (anamorphic)

A
  • Discovered by Alexander Fleming 1928
  • antibiotic
  • treat bacterial infections in WWII
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2
Q

What are examples of a damaging anamorophic fungi

A

Aspergillus flavus

Fusarium oxysporum

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3
Q

What does Aspergillus flavus do

A
  • produces aflatoxin (a secondary metabolite)
  • relatively common contaminant of stored food products eg. dry grains, nuts (liver cancer)
  • carcinogenic (vulnerable are AIDS patients and people with low immune strength)
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4
Q

What does Fusarium oxysporum do

A
  • common plant pathogen
  • lung disease in AIDS patients
  • fungal infection in immuno- suppressed individuals; are a common problem
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5
Q

What is Cyttaria

A

“Beech strawberry”

  • native, edible, ascomycete
  • eaten by birds and possums
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Basidiomycetes

A
  • septate hyphae
  • dolipore septa
  • parenthesomes
  • clamp connection
  • basidiospore
  • basidium (singular); basidia
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7
Q

What is a dolipore

A

pore with parenthesomes

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8
Q

What are parenthesomes

A

restrict the movement of nuclei

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9
Q

What is a clamp connection

A

ensure distribution of two genetically distinct nuclei to each cell in dikaryotic hyphae (though no clamp connections in rusts and smuts)

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10
Q

What is a basidiospore

A

sexual spores, primary means of reproduction

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11
Q

true or false; after germination, septa form in hyphae between nuclei, producing monokarytoic cells (homokaryon)

A

true

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12
Q

What is monokaryon

A

single nucleus per cell

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13
Q

What is a homokaryon

A

one type of nucleus throughout

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14
Q

What are the three parts of Basidiomycota fruiting body

A

sterigma
basidiospores
basidium

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15
Q

How many basidiospores arise from a basidium

A

4

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16
Q

Where are basidiospores produced

A

basidia

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17
Q

Where are basidia formed on or in

A

basidiocarps (basidomata)

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18
Q

true or false; rusts and smuts do not have basidiocarp

A

true

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19
Q

What are the three subphyla of Basidiomycetes

A
  1. ) Agarico-myco- tina
  2. ) Puccinio-myco-tina
  3. ) Ustil-agino-myco-tina
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20
Q

When are clamp connections formed

A

during cell division

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21
Q

How is Basidiomycota classified

A

on the basis of phylogenetic relationships

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22
Q

What is Agaricomycotina

A

Hymenomycetes

Gasteromycetes

23
Q

What is Pucciniomycotina

A

rust fungi

- depend on living plants

24
Q

What is Ustilaginomycotina

A

smut fugi

25
Q

Since smut and rust fungi do not have basidiocarps, how do they produce spores

A

in masses known as sori (sorus singular)

26
Q

What are Hymenomycetes

A

spores exposed on basidiocarp in a fertile layer

eg, mushrooms, brackets

27
Q

What are Gasteromycetes

A

(stomach fungi)

- produce basidia & spores inside a basdioma (no distinct hymenium)

28
Q

What are examples of edible mushrooms (Hymenomycetes)

A

shitake
wood ear
button mushroom

29
Q

What is the latin name for button mushroom

A

Agaricus bisporus

30
Q

What are two examples of deadly mushrooms (Hymenomycetes)

A 
Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria)
Death cap (Amanita phalloides)
31
Q

What causes dry rot fungus; causes structural damage

A

Serpula lacrymans

32
Q

Who is Chew Chong

A
  • wood ear and dairy entrepreneur
  • identified wood ear fungus (Taranaki wool)
  • exported it to China
33
Q

What Hymenomycete has a sky blue color

A

Entoloma hochstetteri

34
Q

What is an example of a hallucinogenic mushroom

A

Psilocybe

  • used in religious ceremonies Indians of Mexico and Central America
  • psilocybin is a structural analogue of LSD
35
Q

What is an example of a glow in the dark fungi

A

Pleurotus nidiformis

36
Q

What causes Pleurotus nidiformis to glow in the dark

A
  • probably an accidental by-product of energy exchanges

- bio-luminescence: chemical energy converted to light energy

37
Q

true or false; there is a coral, jelly and tooth fungi

A

true

38
Q

What is an example of Polypore fungi and Boletes

A

Ganoderma
Polyporus
Xerocomus

39
Q

What are examples of Gasteromycetes

A

stink horns
puffballs
bird’s-nest fungi
earth stars

40
Q

What are two examples of stinkhorns

A

basket fungus

flower fungus

41
Q

What do Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina have in common

A
  • major plant pathogens
  • obligate parasites (cannot live saprobically)
  • produce spores in masses known as sori (urediniospores)
42
Q

Define heteroecious

A

two or more hosts

43
Q

What is the latin name of wheat rust

A

Puccinia graminis

44
Q

what are the 5 different reproductive cells of Puccinia graminis

A
  1. ) basidiospores
  2. ) spermatia
  3. ) aeciospores
  4. ) urediniospores
  5. ) teliospores
45
Q

true or false; Puccinia graminis spends part of its life cycle on barberry and part on wheat

A

true

46
Q

What do sori contain

A

urediniospores

47
Q

what is the latin name of corn smut

A

Ustilago maydis

48
Q

What does Ustilago maydis look like

A
  • black dusty teliospores
  • occupy seeds
  • Mexican delicacy “huitlacoche”
49
Q

What do the Mexicans call Ustilago maydis

A

huitlacoche

50
Q

Give a general description of Mycorrhiza

A
  • symbiotic associations
  • fungi and plant roots
  • most plant species
  • low nutrient soils eg. low Phosphorous
  • increase nutrients to plants
  • protection against pests (nematodes) and pathogens (fungi and bacteria)
51
Q

What are the two major types of Mycorrhizas

A

Ectomycorrhiza

Endomycorrhiza

52
Q

What is an Enctomycorrhiza

A
  • fungus surrounds (ecto) root
  • no penetration of living cells- hyphae grow between root cells
  • important in temperate regions (beech, oak, poplar, pine, eucalyptus)
  • mostly with basidiomycetes (eg. mushrooms) but sometimes with ascomycetes (eg. truffles)
  • never with glomeromycete
    >5000 species of fungi involved
  • very high specificity
53
Q

What are Endomycorrhizas

A
  • more common 80% if vascular plants
  • fungi involved are Glomeromycota (few fungal species)
  • relationship is not very specific
  • penetrate inside root cells
  • Absorption structure (arbuscules and/or vesicles)
  • important in tropics- phosphates bound in positively charged soil (acidic)

102 Fungal Biology & Diversity (7 decks)

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