Lecture 3 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Abnormal white blood cell morphology causes
Acquired: neutrophil toxic change, neutrophil hypersegmentation, neutrophil degeneration, lymphocyte vacuolation, monocyte vacuolation, infectious agents
Congenital: Pelger Huet anomaly, asian cat neutrophil granulation anomaly, chediak higashi syndrome, lysosomal storage diseases, other congenital diseases that causes defective neutrophil function
Characteristics of toxic neutrophil
Altered cytoplasm Cytoplasmic basophilia Dohle bodies Foamy vacuolation Giantism Toxic granulation Donut nuclei
What should you look for with neutrophil toxicity
Underlying infection and tissue necrosis
What causes neutrophil toxicity
Accelerated neutrophil production in bone marrow
Response to inflammation
Function is unaffected!
Neutrophil hypersegmentation
Greater than 5 lobules Not of great importance Can indicate old neutrophils Most often observed with hypercortisolemia More commonly seen in inflamed TISSUES
Neutrophil degeneration
More commonly seen in inflamed TISSUES
Does NOT occur in bone marrow like toxicity- occurs in periphery
If seen in blood, usually means it’s an old sample
If it’s definitely a fresh sample, the animal is near death
Will see bacteria, swollen nuclei, karyorrhexis, karryolysis, pyknosis
Leukocyte clumping
Leukergy
Happens in tube after it’s been collected from the animal
Not super important except how it affects automated analyzer
Mononuclear cell cytoplasmic vacuolation
Not important
Lymphocytes- Expected in bovine lymphocytes, reactive lymphocytes, old blood, and weird things like locoweed poison
Monocytes- small amount is expected and normal, may increase with old blood or reactive cells
Infectious agents that may cause morphology changes
May see morulae or other inclusions
Bacterial- Ehrlichia, Anaplasma
Fungal- histoplasma
Protozoal- hepatozoon
Distemper inclusions
What infectious agents will you see in neutrophils
Bacterial rods and cocci
Histoplasma capsulatum
Distemper
Mycobacterium (non staining)
Ehrlichia ewingii and anaplasma phagocytophilum (both are tick borne)
Hepatozoon americanum- have to eat
Pelger huet anomaly
Common in aussies and arabian foals
Left shift with NO toxicity
Autosomal recessive- homos die in utero, heteros are carriers
Function is normal
Asian cat neutrophil granulation anomaly
Birmans, siameses, other species
Function is totally normal
Will see pinky granules in neutrophils
Chediak higashi syndrom
Functions is messed up
Weird granules
Common in smoke blue cats because it also affects pigment
Results in chronic infections
Other congenital defects
Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies
Lysosomal storage disease
Undefined defects (dobermans, weimaraners)
Cyclic hematopoiesis (grey collie syndrome)
Causes of neutrophilia
Stress
Excitement
Inflammation
Leukemia
Rare inherited disorders
What causes the stress response?
Steroids and glucocorticoids- exogenous or endogenous
They decrease the rate at which neutrophils leave blood and enter tissue and causes cells to demarginate from blood vessel walls and causes bone marrow to release more cells
Can commonly be seen WITH inflammation
In general, what leukogram will you see with stress?
Leukocytosis Mature Neutrophilia Lymphopenia (most consistent change) Eosinopenia Monocytosis (dogs)
NO hyperfibrinogenemia
Describe the reverse stress leukogram
In an animal you expect to be stressed but shows eosinophilia and lymphocytosis- think Addisons
When inflammation and stress are overlayed, what may be the only sign of stress?
Lymphopenia
What causes an excitement response
Endogenous epinephrine release
Increased capillary flow knocks cells of blood vessel walls and flushes out lymphocytes
AKA physiologic neutrophilia, physiologic lymphocytosis
When does the excitement response occur
Young healthy animals
Fear, exercise
Returns to normal within 30 minutes
In general what will you see on the leukogram with excitement response
Common in cats and horses
Transient leukocytosis and erythrocytosis (splenic contraction)
Transient MATURE neutrophilia
Transient lymphocytosis
