Lecture 4 Flashcards
(32 cards)
What happens when the tissue demand for neutrophils outweighs the bone marrow supply
Neutropenia
What happens when the bone marrow supply of neutrophils outweighs the tissue demand of neutrophils
Neutrophilia
What would you expect with a moderate inflammatory response
Neutrophilia
Left shift
Regenerative
What would you expect with an acute severe inflammatory response
Severe leukopenia with left shift neutropenia
Degenerative
Who would respond faster to inflammation?
Dogs > cats > horses> bovine
What might you see with chronic inflammation in a dog
Leukemoid response- very high WBCs
During acute inflammation, what should you think of neutropenia based on species
Dogs and cats- very severe lesion
Horses- maybe a severe lesion
Bovines- usual finding
*foals and calves are more similar to dogs and cats
What does fibrinogen do during inflammation?
Should increase with active inflammation (more noticeable in large animals)
In large animals, fibrinogen often precedes neutrophilia/penia
If decreased, think DIC
What would result in a HIGHER inflammatory response
Better vascularized tissue, pyogenic infectious agent, closed inflammation, large area
What factors would cause a lower inflammatory response?
Low vascularity, nonpyogenic, open inflammation, small area
If there is a neutrophilia with left shift and/ or toxicity, what should you think?
What if there’s also a lymphopenia?
Inflammation
Combined inflammation and stress response
If there is a neutrophilia with NO left shift/toxicity, what should you do next?
Check lymphocytes
Low lymphocytes (mild to moderate)= stress response
Normal or mod increased lymphocytes= excitement response
What are some things to think of when there is a lymphocytosis
Physiologic response (epinephrine)
Prolonged antigenic stimulation
Bovine leukemia virus in cows
Lymphocytic leukemia **need morphology
In what species is lymphocytosis most common with an excitement response?
Cats and horses
What things might cause lymphocytosis due to prolonged antigenic stimulation?
Certain infectious diseases
Hypersensitivity disease
Autoimmune disease
What should you look at when there at is a lymphocytosis
Severity and morphology
Mild and small lymphocytes= excitement response or antigenic stimulation (E. canis)
Moderate and small lymphocytes= well differentiated lymphocytic leukemia or antigenic stimuation (E. canis)
Any concentration and large/ poorly differentiated cells= poorly differentiated lymphocytic leukemia
Neutropenia
Very grave consequences
Caused by excessive tissue demand due to inflammation
Common cattle but very serious in nonruminants
Common causes of neutropenia
Gram negative bacteria, endotoxemia, large trauma, decreased marrow production due to stem cell injury, increased margination, autoimmune destruction
Neutropenia due to reversible stem cell injury
Severe and acute stem cell injury due to viral tropism for rapidly dividing cells
Parvo, feline panleukopenia, increased risk for rottweilers, damages GI and marrow stem cells, profound neutropenia so risk of secondary infection and sepsis
Chronic ehrlichiosis
Chemicals and drugs
Estrogen- endogenous or exogenous
Irreversible stem cell injury leading to neutropenia
FeLV infection, idiopathic, myelodysplasia, myeloproliferative, marrow replacement (fibrosis, metastasis)
Increased margination leading to neutropenia
Not important clinically Transient Endotoxemia Anaphylaxis But these diseases should be showing other signs besides neutropenia that are much more important
When there is a neutropenia, what should you look for next?
Anemia and platelets
If there is a neutropenia, no anemia, and adequate platelets, what should you look for?
Left shift or not
Left shift +/-toxic changes= acute inflammation
No left shift +/- toxic change= acute viral infection or acute marrow injury
What does it mean if there is a neutropenia and any combination of nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or neoplastic cells?
Chronic marrow injury
