Lecture 3: Bones - Development and Joints

Question 1

what signifies a long bone?

Answer 1

presence of a diaphysis

Question 2

define diaphysis

Answer 2

elongated/shaft, may have medullary cavity

Question 3

define epiphysis

Answer 3

ends of a long bone

Question 4

what separates the epiphysis and diaphysis?

Answer 4

the epiphyseal plate

closed in adults, appears as a line

Question 5

define periosteum

Answer 5

outer fibrous CT covering bone

Question 6

the periosteum is continuous with?

Answer 6

CT coverings of muscles, tendons, ligaments

Question 7

define endosteum

Answer 7

inner lining of medullary cavity

Question 8

what is the difference between long and short bones?

Answer 8

no shaft in short bones

Question 9

major types of bones

Answer 9

long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid

Question 10

what are the types of bone formation?

Answer 10

appositional formation

endochondral bone formation

Question 11

layers of compact bone laid down on top of spongy bone

Answer 11

appositional growth

Question 12

in appositional growth, osteoblasts use collagen fibers as …..?

Answer 12

framework to deposit bone matrix

Question 13

membrane bone formation

Answer 13

growth between skull bones/bones that form walls
no attachments
appositional growth in thickness and diameter

Question 14

bone forming within and replacing hyaline cartilage

Answer 14

endochondral growth

replacement bone formation

Question 15

steps involved in endochondral growth

Answer 15

see flow chart…..

Question 16

blood vessels break through perichondrium and bring……?

Answer 16

osteoprogenitor cells—-which become osteoblasts

Question 17

after chondrocyte apoptosis…..

Answer 17

they leave behind thin strands as a calcified matrix which osteoblasts use as a framework for laying down osteoid

Question 18

T/F: Ca deposition is essentially the same as bone formation.

Answer 18

false

bone formation is calcification of osteoid

Question 19

where are the primary and secondary ossification centers located in endochondral growth?

Answer 19

primary = diaphysis
secondary = epiphysis

Question 20

in the diaphysis bones grow….

Answer 20

in diameter

Question 21

in the epiphysis bones grow….

Answer 21

in length

aka growth plate

Question 22

in the center of the diaphysis, cells do what?

Answer 22

osteoclasts break down bone to create the medullary cavity

Question 23

describe growth in the epiphyseal plate

Answer 23

cartilage is continually added to distal end, as the epiphyseal undergoes endochondral growth
thus bone grows in length

Question 24

when does growth stop in the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 24

when cartilage in the plate is overtaken by bone

Question 25

what happens when the epiphyseal plate stops growing?

Answer 25

epiphysis fuses to diaphysis leaving a line cartilage on epiphysis remains = articular cartilage no perichondrium

Question 26

what is the significance of no perichondrium on epiphysis cartilage?

Answer 26

no outer CT covering on the cartilage | thus cartilage deteriorates with age

Question 27

what are the classes of joints?

Answer 27

amphiarthrosis diarthrosis synarthrosis

Question 28

amphiarthrosis joints

Answer 28

hyaline or fibrocartilage joins the bones

Question 29

type of amphiarthrosis joint with hyaline cartilage

Answer 29

Synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage | epiphyseal plate, 1st sternocostal joint

Question 30

type of amphiarthrosis joint with fibrocartilage

Answer 30

symphysis | pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs

Question 31

synarthrosis joints

Answer 31

collagen or elastic fibers make up joint

Question 32

examples of synarthrosis joints

Answer 32

sutures Gomphosis syndesmosis

Question 33

sutures

Answer 33

joints between calvaria

Question 34

Gomphosis

Answer 34

peg in socket = teeth in alveoli

Question 35

syndesmosis

Answer 35

interosseous membrane between bones

Question 36

diarthrosis joints

Answer 36

based upon mvt/degrees of freedom about an axis | has 4 main types

Question 37

types of diarthrosis joints

Answer 37

monoaxial = 1 plane biaxial = 2 planes triaxial = 3 planes nonaxial or plane joint = no real mvt = 3 planes

Question 38

monoaxial joints

Answer 38

type of Diarthrotic joint hinge pivot

Question 39

biaxial joints

Answer 39

type of diarthrosis condyloid saddle

Question 40

condyloid joint

Answer 40

type of biaxial Diarthrotic joint oval shaped MCP joints

Question 41

saddle joint

Answer 41

biaxial Diarthrotic joint also called sellaris both sides of joint look like a saddle thumb

Question 42

triaxial joints

Answer 42

type of diarthrosis | ball and socket

Question 43

nonaxial joints

Answer 43

type of diarthrosis also called plane joints no real mvt --- friction resistance sternoclavicular, scapuloclavicular

Question 44

connect muscle to bone

Answer 44

tendons

Question 45

connect bone to cone

Answer 45

ligaments

Question 46

characteristics of tendons and ligaments

Answer 46

dense bundles of collagen fibers | contain fibroblasts and fibrocytes

Question 47

hierarchical structure of tendon/ligaments

Answer 47

``` Endotendineum fascicle Peritendineum tendon/ligament Epitendineum ```

Question 48

Endotendineum

Answer 48

surrounding of each collagen fiber

Question 49

fascicle

Answer 49

bundle of collagen fibers

Question 50

Peritendineum

Answer 50

surrounding each fascicle

Question 51

tendon or ligament make up

Answer 51

several bundles of fascicles

Question 52

Epitendineum

Answer 52

surrounding a tendon/ligament

Question 53

the fusion of two bones creates a ____ joint.

Answer 53

synostosis joint | immovable, two bones have become one

Question 54

list the components of synovial joints

Answer 54

synovial cavity synovial capsule blood supply and innervation

Question 55

describe a synovial capsule

Answer 55

surrounds the joint like a membrane outer fibrous memb. = innervated inner synovial memb. = vascularized

Question 56

where is synovial fluid produced?

Answer 56

the inner synovial membrane of the synovial capsule

Question 57

movements of biaxial joints

Answer 57

flexion extension or add/abduction

Question 58

another term for condyloid joint

Answer 58

ellipsoid joint

Question 59

differentiate the two surfaces of a ellipsoid joint

Answer 59

``` concave = female convex = male ```

Question 60

what type of joints are associated with collateral ligaments?

Answer 60

uniaxial Diarthrotic joints

Question 61

what is another name for diarthrosis?

Answer 61

synovial