Lecture 3: Review Lecture (Cladistic Terminologies)

Question 1

method of classifying species of organisms into groups called clades,

Answer 1

Cladistics

Question 2

species of organisms into groups
called

Answer 2

clades

Question 3

consist only of firstly, all the descendants of an
ancestral organism and secondly, the ancestor itself.

Answer 3

clades

Question 4

focus on shared derived characters

Answer 4

(synapomorphies)

Question 5

cladistic classifications (usually in the form of trees called

Answer 5

cladograms

Question 6

are intended to reflect the relative recency of common
ancestry or the sharing of homologous features.

Answer 6

cladograms

Question 7

In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single “branch” on the “tree of life”, a

Answer 7

monophyletic group.

Question 8

a clade is a single ——– on
the ———,

Answer 8

branch; tree of life

Question 9

originated in the work of the German entomologist
Willi Hennig, who referred to it as “phylogenetic systematics”
(also the name of his 1966 book);

Answer 9

Cladistics

Question 10

German entomologis who referred to it as “phylogenetic systematics” (also the name of his 1966 book);

Answer 10

Willi Hennig

Question 11

Hennig referred to his own approach as

Answer 11

phylogenetic systematics

Question 12

The term clade was introduced in

Answer 12

1958

Question 13

The term clade was introduced in 1958 by

Answer 13

Julian Huxley

Question 14

the term cladistic was coined by

Answer 14

Cain and Harrison

Question 15

year the term cladistic was coined

Answer 15

1960

Question 16

who coined the term cladist

Answer 16

Mayr

Question 17

year the term cladist was coined

Answer 17

1965

Question 18

From the time of his original formulation until the end of the
———– cladistics remained a minority approach to classification.

Answer 18

1980s

Question 19

in the —– cladistics rapidly became the dominant method of
classification in evolutionary biology

Answer 19

1990s

Question 20

made it possible to process large quantities of data
about organisms and their characteristics.

Answer 20

Computers

Question 21

made it possible to apply
cladistic methods of analysis to biochemical and molecular
genetic features of organisms as well as to anatomical ones.

Answer 21

development of effective polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) techniques

Question 22

is a result of
Darwin’s discovery that the diversity and history of
life is best represented in tree-shaped diagrams.

Answer 22

phylogenetic nomenclature

Question 23

This discovery immediately led to changes in the
existing classifications.

Answer 23

Cladogram

Question 24

is a diagram which shows ancestral
relations between organisms, to represent the
evolutionary tree of life.

Answer 24

cladogram

Question 25

who uses cladograms

Answer 25

cladists

Question 26

Cladists use

Answer 26

cladograms

Question 27

are now very commonly used in the generation of cladograms.

Answer 27

DNA and RNA sequencing data and computational phylogenetics

Question 28

traditionally such cladograms were generated largely on the basis of

Answer 28

morphological characters

Question 29

3 types of a clade

Answer 29

Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, Polyphyletic

Question 30

is a group of taxa consisting only of an ancestor taxon and all of its descendant taxa.

Answer 30

clade

Question 31

ray-finned fishes

Answer 31

(Actinopterygii),

Question 32

A clade is ------- to another clade if it contains that other clade as a subset within it.

Answer 32

basal

Question 33

(Some authors have used "basal" differently to mean a clade that is less species-rich than a sister clade, with such a deficit being taken as an indication of ----------------

Answer 33

'primitiveness'

Question 34

A clade located within a clade is said to be --------- within that clade.

Answer 34

nested

Question 35

if clades have an immediate common ancestor.

Answer 35

sisters

Question 36

("close form")

Answer 36

Plesiomorphy

Question 37

("close form") or ancestral state,

Answer 37

Plesiomorphy

Question 38

("shared plesiomorphy", i.e. "shared close form"),

Answer 38

symplesiomorphy

Question 39

a characteristic that is present at the base of a tree (cladogram).

Answer 39

Plesiomorphy

Question 40

is inherited from the common ancestor may appear anywhere in a tree, its presence provides no evidence of relationships within the tree.

Answer 40

plesiomorphy

Question 41

plesiomorphy

Answer 41

plesiomorphy

Question 42

or derived state is a characteristic believed to have evolved within the tree.

Answer 42

Apomorphy

Question 43

can thus be used to separate one group in the tree from the rest.

Answer 43

Apomorphy

Question 44

Within the group which shares the apomorphy it is a

Answer 44

synapomorphy

Question 45

("shared apomorphy", i.e. "shared separate form").

Answer 45

synapomorphy

Question 46

is a characteristic shared by members of a tree but not present in their common ancestor.

Answer 46

Homoplasy

Question 47

It arises by convergence or reversion.

Answer 47

Homoplasy

Question 48

the terms --------------- and -------------- are relative and their application depends on the position of a group within a tree.

Answer 48

(sym)plesiomorphy and (syn)apomorphy