LECTURE 3B PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION

Question 1

a German
entomologist and the proponent of
phylogenetic classification

Answer 1

Willi Hennig (1965)

Question 2

what helps discover the appropriate degrees of
phylogenetic relationship within a given group of
organisms

Answer 2

phylogenetic systematics

Question 3

The measurement of the degree of phylogenetic
relationship is

Answer 3

“recency of common ancestry”.

Question 4

who said The basic rationale of cladistic analysis is “that the more recent the common ancestry of two species, the more characters in common they should have

Answer 4

(Mayr 1969)

Question 5

“that the more recent
the common ancestry of two species, the more characters in —————–

Answer 5

common they should have

Question 6

that the more recent the common ancestry of two species, the more characters in common they should have

Answer 6

cladistic analysis

Question 7

main evidence for phylogenetic relations comes from a
particular kind of characters called

Answer 7

shared derived characters

Question 8

The main evidence for phylogenetic relations comes from a
particular kind of characters called shared derived characters
and are distributed in

Answer 8

monophyletic groups

Question 9

who said “The main evidence for phylogenetic relations comes from a particular kind of characters called shared derived characters and are distributed in monophyletic groups”

Answer 9

(Ridley 1996)

Question 10

The fundamental principle used in most
phylogenetic inference is the

Answer 10

Principle of Parsimony

Question 11

Principle of phylogenetic reconstruction in which
the phylogeny of a group of species is inferred to
be the branching pattern requiring the smallest
number of evolutionary changes

Answer 11

Principle of Parsimony

Question 12

is inferred to be the branching pattern requiring the smallest
number of evolutionary changes

Answer 12

Principle of Parsimony

Question 13

who said “ Principle of phylogenetic reconstruction in which
the phylogeny of a group of species is inferred to
be the branching pattern requiring the smallest
number of evolutionary changes”

Answer 13

(Ridley 1996)

Question 14

Any hypothesis that requires fewer assumptions is
a more defensible hypothesis

Answer 14

Principle of Parsimony

Question 15

who said “Any hypothesis that requires fewer assumptions is
a more defensible hypothesis”

Answer 15

(Lipscomb 1998)

Question 16

The first step in any cladistic analysis is
distinguishing ————from ancestral (plesiomorphic)
characters

Answer 16

derived (apomorphic) characters

Question 17

The first step in any cladistic analysis is
distinguishing derived (apomorphic)
characters from

Answer 17

ancestral (plesiomorphic) characters

Question 18

3 methods to distinguish ancestral from derived

Answer 18

1. Outgroup comparison
2. Embryological criterion
3. Fossil record

Question 19

it involves determining which state is ancestral

Answer 19

polarity

Question 20

The form of the character that was present in
the common ancestor of the entire group is
called

Answer 20

ancestral

Question 21

Variant forms of the character arose later and
are called

Answer 21

derived character states

Question 22

Polarity is determined by using

Answer 22

outgroup comparison

Question 23

it is closely related, but not part of the
group being examined

Answer 23

outgroup

Question 24

the group being examined

Answer 24

ingroup

Question 25

If a character is found in both the study group and the outgroup, it is considered

Answer 25

ancestral

Question 26

Character groups found in the study groups but not the outgroups are

Answer 26

derived

Question 27

If a taxon that is not a member of the group of organisms being classified, has a character state that is the same as some of the organisms in the group

Answer 27

plesiomorphic

Question 28

outside taxon

Answer 28

Outgroup

Question 29

organisms being classified

Answer 29

ingroup

Question 30

is a species or group of species that is closely related to the ingroup

Answer 30

outgroup

Question 31

the gorup with various species being studied

Answer 31

ingroup

Question 32

is a group that has diverged before the ingroup

Answer 32

outgroup

Question 33

who compares each ingroup species with the outgroup to differentiate between shared derived and shared ancestral characteristics

Answer 33

Systematists

Question 34

what do systematists compare?

Answer 34

ingroup species from outgroup species

Question 35

Systematists compare each ingroup species with the outgroup to differentiate between?

Answer 35

shared derived and shared ancestral characteristics

Question 36

Characters shared by the outgroup and ingroup are

Answer 36

ancestral characters

Question 37

they predate the divergence of both groups from a common ancestor

Answer 37

ancestral characters

Question 38

Two arguments can be made to justify outgroup comparison method

Answer 38

A) based on what we know about evolutionary process B) is based on logic

Question 39

The only way homologous feature could be present in both an ingroup and an outgroup, would be for it to have been inherited by both from an -------------------------------------

Answer 39

ancestor older than the ancestor of the ingroup

Question 40

what comparison method is primary one in use today

Answer 40

outgroup comparison method

Question 41

The outside taxon is called the

Answer 41

outgroup

Question 42

the organisms being classified are the

Answer 42

ingroup

Question 43

who proposed the embryological law

Answer 43

Karl Ernst von Baer’s (1792-1876)

Question 44

embryological law states that;

Answer 44

“The general features of a large group of animals appear earlier in the embryo than the special features”.

Question 45

2 types of features

Answer 45

❖general features ❖“special”

Question 46

what feature are ancestral characters

Answer 46

general features

Question 47

what features are evolutionarily derived characters

Answer 47

“special”

Question 48

This type of investigation is the ---------------- -------------- of character polarity;

Answer 48

paleontological criterion

Question 49

can be made by studying fossil records to determine which character states are ancestral and which are derived.

Answer 49

Inference

Question 50

Inference can be made by studying fossil records to determine which character states are ------ and which are --------

Answer 50

ancestral;derived

Question 51

This type of investigation, however, is limited only to the completeness of fossil records.

Answer 51

paleontological criterion

Question 52

Taxa that share many derived characters are grouped more ---------- --------- than those that do not.

Answer 52

closely together

Question 53

a branching heirarchical tree called a

Answer 53

cladogram

Question 54

is constructed following the rule of parsimony

Answer 54

cladogram

Question 55

who said “Never assume convergence or parallel evolution, always assume homology in the absence of contrary evidence”.

Answer 55

Hennig

Question 56

when making a --------------- it considers the information provided by each character one at a time.

Answer 56

cladogram

Question 57

3 steps/methods to make a cladogram

Answer 57

A. Gather and organize data B. Consider possible cladograms C. Select best cladogram

Question 58

3 substeps under step 1 in making a cladogram

Answer 58

* a list of taxa (for example, species) to be organized * a list of characteristics to be compared * for each taxon, the value of each of the listed characteristics or character states

Question 59

All the data are then organized into a ----------, which is the base to perform phylogenetic analysis.

Answer 59

taxon-character matrix

Question 60

what group is primitive?

Answer 60

outgroup

Question 61

what group is derived?

Answer 61

ingroup

Question 62

FIRST STEP in cladistic analysis

Answer 62

distinguishing derived from ancestral

Question 63

All the data collected are then organized into a

Answer 63

"taxon-character matrix"

Question 64

is the base to perform phylogenetic analysis

Answer 64

"taxon-character matrix"

Question 65

is considered the primitive characteristics

Answer 65

ancestral

Question 66

The organism with the most derived characteristics goes to the top of the -----------

Answer 66

last branch

Question 67

5 detailed step in making a cladogram

Answer 67

1. gather and organize data 2. All the data are then organized into a "taxon-character matrix", which is the base to perform phylogenetic analysis. 3. Pick the one characteristic common to all organisms. This ancestral is considered the primitive characteristics 4. Make a table showing the derived characteristics along the top row and the names of the organisms in the first column 5. The cladogram is constructed with the first branch from the bottom belonging to the organism with the fewest derived traits. The organism with the most derived characteristics goes to the top of the last branch