lecture 38 - diabetes

Question 1

what happens if blood glucose goes too high

Answer 1

• non enzymatic glycation of protein
• can target crucial structural proteins

Question 2

long term complications of high blood glucose

Answer 2

• retinopathy
• nephropathay
• neuropathay
• cardiovascular disease
• peripheral vascular disease

Question 3

what is insulin synthesised by

Answer 3

pancreatic b cells

Question 4

what is insulin secreted in response to and what does it act on

Answer 4

secreted in response to high glucose and acts on liver, muscle and adipose tissue

Question 5

what does insulin promote (4) (uptake of fuel and storages - anabolic)

Answer 5

• glucose uptake in muscle
• protein synthesis
• glycogen synthesis
• TAG uptake, fatty acid synthesis

Question 6

what does insulin inhibit (5) (anticatabolic)

Answer 6

• gluconogenesis
• ketogenesis
• lipolysis
• proteolysis
• glycogenolysis

Question 7

metabolic consequences of lack of insulin

Answer 7

• impaired glucose uptake and storage by muscle
• increased mobilisation of glycogen
• increased glucose synthesis
• increased lipolysis
• increased ketone body synthesis
• reduced removal of triaglycerols from blood
• increased breakdown of tissue protein

Question 8

what occurs to the fed signal if insulin is not present

Answer 8

no “fed” signal if insulin not present

Question 9

treatment of type 1 diabetes

Answer 9

injection of human insulin (recombinant human insulin)

Question 10

how can hypoglycemia be caused

Answer 10

caused by too much insulin = like when someone with type 1 diabetes is injecting

Question 11

what happens in type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

tissues are resistant to insulin

Question 12

treatment of type 2 diabetes

Answer 12

aim to increase sensitivity to insulin by :

• weight loss
• increased exercise
• hypoglycaemic drugs