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Genetics > Lecture 3a and b: > Flashcards

Lecture 3a and b: Flashcards

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1
Q

Epigenetic inheritance primarily occurs through…

A

meiosis

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2
Q

Two or more genes derived from a common ancestor are

A

Homologous

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3
Q

Homologous genes within a single species are (have a common ancestor)…

A

paralogs

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4
Q

Different paralogs carry out ____ functions

A

similar but distinct

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5
Q

the branch of biology linking the study of genetic inheritance
with the study of cell structure, especially for human
chromosome analysis for the detection of inheritable diseases.

A

Cytogenetics

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6
Q

A karyotype is
the ___
chromosomes
photographed and
arranged from
largest
to smallest

A

mitotic

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7
Q

Shortest chromosome is seen in….

A

anaphase

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8
Q

Chromosomes can be classified according to the

A

location of the centrosome

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9
Q

Middle centromere location

A

Metacentric

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10
Q

Longer arm and shorter arm on chromosome

A

submetacentric

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11
Q

Very short arms on a chromosome

A

Acrocentric

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12
Q

Humans don’t have any ___ centromeres, but mice do

A

Telocentric

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13
Q

What occurs in Robertsonian Translocations

A

the long arms of two acrocentric chromosomes have fused

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14
Q

One example of a Robertsonian translocation is

A

Familial Down Syndrome

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15
Q

In Familial Down Syndrome, the translocation is always between chromosomes….

A

14 and 21

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16
Q

Simple translocation involves a

A

DNA swap

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17
Q

Reciprocal translocation involves

A

2 chromosomes that swap arms

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18
Q

A chromosomal duplication is usually caused by

A

abnormal recombination

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19
Q

Misaligned crossovers occur at what sites?

A

Recombination at sites of homology

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20
Q

when 2 chromosomes shear at the same time, dna repair enzymes recognize broken ends and incorrectly connect them

A

reciprocal translocation

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21
Q

Reciprocal translocation can occur from ____ crossover

A

nonhomologous

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22
Q

What chromosome is different between homo sapiens and pan troglodytes (chimps)

A

2

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23
Q

At chromosome 2,
In chimps:
In humans:

A

In chimps: both acrocentric
In humans: 1 acrocentric

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24
Q

What chromosomes fused in humans that didn’t in chimps

A

2a and 2b

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25
DNA consists of two complementary strands held together by
h bonds
26
phenomenon in which sections of the genome are tandemly repeated and the number of repeats in the genome varies between individuals.
copy number variation
27
Approximately ____ of the human genome is subject to copy number variations (such as segmental duplication)
5%
28
A hybridized fluorescent probe is used on what kind of chromosome?
metaphase (mitotic)
29
Process of fluorescent hybridizing chromosomes
Heat up chromosome, add short single stranded DNA with a fluorescent chemical, and cool it down
30
How many bases does it take to have a unique address in a chromosome
20-25
31
Dna winds around what protein
histone
32
DNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (DNA FISH) to what chromosomes
to mitotic chromosomes and to interphase chromosomes
33
Some specific translocations occur quite frequently such as the fusion of
BCR and ABL1 (philadelphia chromosome)
34
every chromosome has a differently colored chromosome paint
Spectral Karyotyping (SKY)
35
Most species of animals are
diploid
36
___ in animals is generally a lethal condition
Polyploidy
37
Male bees (drones) are...
monoploid
38
In many instances, ___ strains of plants display outstanding agricultural characteristics
polyploid
39
If polyploid plants have an ___ number of chromosome sets, they are usually sterile
odd
40
Polyploid plants that have an odd number of chromosomes produce highly....
aneuploid gametes
41
What in polyploidy is usually a detrimental trait
sterility
42
Sterility can be agriculturally desirable because it may result in:
Seedless fruit and flowers
43
There are three natural mechanisms by which the chromosome number of a species can vary....
1. Meiotic nondisjunction 2. Mitotic abnormalities 3. Interspecies crosses
44
refers to the failure of chromosomes to segregate properly during anaphase
nondisjunction
45
Meiotic nondisjunction can produce what kind of cells
haploid cells that have too many or too few chromosomes (aneuploid)
46
In meiotic nondisjunction: if such a gamete participates in fertilization, the resulting individual will have an...
abnormal chromosomal composition in all of its cells
47
Nondisjunction in meiosis 1 vs meiosis 2
Meiosis 1: ALL 4 GAMETES abnormal Meiosis 2: half of gametes normal and half abnormal
47
Nondisjunction in meiosis 1 vs meiosis 2
Meiosis 1: ALL 4 GAMETES abnormal Meiosis 2: half of gametes normal and half abnormal
48
Abnormalities in chromosome number often occur after fertilization in...
mitosis
49
If a mitotic abnormality doesn't kill the cell, then the person with the cell can become a
mosaic
50
Sister chromatids separate improperly
Mitotic disjunction
51
Leads to trisomic and monosomic daughter cells
Mitotic disjunction
52
One of the sister chromatids does not migrate to a pole
chromosome loss
53
What are the two mitotic abnormalities
1. Mitotic disjunction 2. Chromosome loss
54
A much more common mechanism for changes in the number of sets of chromosomes is
alloploidy
55
In mitotic disjunction, the chromosomes are pulled by...
deploymerization
56
What is the result of interspecies crosses?
alloploidy
57
No synapsis between the 9 radish and 9 cabbage chromosomes in what variant
allodiploid
58
proper synapsis between the 18 radish chromosomes and the 18 cabbage chromosomes in what variant
allotetraploid
59
individual cells are mixed together and made to fuse
cell fusion
60
Cell fusion can create new strains of...
allotetraploid plants
61
It allows the crossing of two species that cannot interbreed naturally
cell fusion
62
Cells without cell walls
protoplasts
63
cells with two seperate nuclei
heterokaryon
64
We think that the road to life began with a polymer called
RNA
65
In both RNA and DNA, a base and a sugar (no phosphate) is called a
nucleoside
66
The sugar of an RNA nucleotide is called
ribose
67
Ribose consists of a ring of ___ carbon atoms and ___ oxygen plus ___ more carbon
4, 1, 1
68
The adenine and guanine bases are
purines
69
The uracil and cytosine bases are
pyrimidines
70
The RNA nucleotides that are precursors to RNA polymers have ___ phosphates and are called
3, tri-phosphates
71
In the covalent bonds linking oxygen to hydrogen and nitrogen to hydrogen the, ___ have stronger affinities for the shared electrons than ___
oxygen and nitrogen, hydrogen
72
What bond: The partial negative charges of oxygen and nitrogen attract hydrogens with partial positive charges
hydrogen bonds
73
It always takes ___ atoms to make an H-bond.
3
74
What bonds are important in the 3D structure of RNA: folds back on each other and base pairs
H bonds
75
Some longer RNA molecules are able to catalyze chemical reactions if they have nucleotide sequences that make them fold in a way that creates
catalytic sites
76
1st enzymes ever
RNA
77
Refers to a period on Earth in which RNA molecules, but not DNA or proteins, were replicating
RNA world
78
In RNA world, RNA would have carried out three functions:
catalytic activity, self-replication, info storage

Genetics (11 decks)

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