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Theory Quiz 2 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Gifford environmental perception framework

A

is the initial gathering of info

how we asses/appraise environments

perceiver often connected to environ display by clear goal/purpose

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2
Q

environ perception studies general idea

A

participants move in and around and are part of the scene

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3
Q

environmental cognition/spatial cognition

A

manner of how we process, store, recall
info about locations/arrangements of places

includes cognitive mapping, spatial knowledge, memory for environs, orientation in built settings

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4
Q

object perception emphasis

A

on properties of simple stimuli like

brightness
color
depth
perceptual constancy
form
apparent movement

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5
Q

awareness and adaptation - habituation

A

adapt to some environmental displays so that we really do not see them at all

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6
Q

habituation - weber-fechner law

A

as the amount of ___ inreases, larger and larger increments of ___ are needed before people notice

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7
Q

environmental numbness - habituation

A

pay very little attention to our physical surrounding even when they cause discomfort

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8
Q

Herbert Leff exercises to combat environmental numbness

A
  1. switch visual focus while forming vivid impression
  2. views that would make relevant photos
  3. imagine being one of the objects
  4. see inanimate objects as alive
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9
Q

self report research methods

A

questionnaires
interviews
checklists
free descriptions

perceivers may produce inaccurate reports of their own perception

perception filtered through language

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10
Q

behavior inference research method example

A

length of time spent looking at exhibit used as index of interest in that display

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11
Q

psychophysical research method

A

people reliably adjust some physical variable in direct proportion to the perception of a psychological construct

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12
Q

phenomenological research approach

A

uses very trained observer with goal of perceiving the essence of setting in qualitative way

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13
Q

3 PERSONAL influences on environ perception

A

personal characteristics - gender

education/training - seeing characteristically of chosen profession

experience - with the setting

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14
Q

physical influences on environ perception

A

physical features - light, windows, ceilings
enclosure
color
path

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15
Q

how do PATHS affect environ perception

A

rectangular rooms appear larger than square

distances to landmarks estimated smaller than distances FROM them

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16
Q

environment affects perception, but ___ ___ like perceiver’s expectations also play a crucial role

A

personal factors

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17
Q

Brunswik’s lens model - probabilistic functionalism 1956 - cues

A

environment offers multitude of them, but perceiver must make sense of most important ones

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18
Q

Brunswik’s lens model - probabilistic functionalism 1956 - functionalist

A

many cues given little attention while close attention paid to few others

19
Q

Brunswik’s lens model - probabilistic functionalism 1956 - ecological validity

A

degree of truth in probabilistic relations b/t environment and each of the cues

20
Q

Brunswik’s lens model - probabilistic functionalism 1956 - cue utlization

A

to be successful perceivers must accurately read their environments (high achievement)

21
Q

Gibson affordances 1966, 1979 - general

A

certain arrangements of cues give pereciver direct, immediate perceptions of environ

22
Q

Gibson affordances 1966, 1979 - layouts

A

arrangements of substances, surfaces prividing instantly detectable functions

23
Q

Gibson affordances 1966, 1979 - what does is NOT require

A

us to interpret sensory info, construct, reality, or weigh cues (as in Brunswik lens)

24
Q

Gibson affordances 1966, 1979 - affordance function

A

what the place we are perceiving CAN DO for us

25
Q

Berlyne collative properties 1971, 1974 - general

A

characteristics that cause perceiver to pay attention, investigate further and compare

26
Q

Berlyne collative properties 1971, 1974 - list of them

A

novelty - newness

incongruity - something is out of place

complexity - large variety of elements

surprisingness - unexpected

fittingness - added later, how well does element “suit” setting

27
Q

Berlyne collative properties 1971, 1974 - two psychological dimensions of aesthetic judgment

A
  1. hedonic tone - amt of beauty or pleasure experienced
  2. uncertainty/arousal
28
Q

Martin Heidegger phenomenology 1971 - 4 pillars

A
  1. emphasis on perceptions of individual rather than group averages
  2. try to overcome/erase distinction b/t setting and perceiver (similar to Gibson)
  3. researcher also perceiver
  4. understand holistic meaning of place qualitatively, revealed by place, not external concepts
29
Q

Martin Heidegger phenomenology 1971 - goals

A

gain insight into ways ppl in settings view them

understand meaning & relevance of place to those who know it best

30
Q

spatial cognition defintion

A

how we acquire, store, organize, recall info about locations, distances, arrangements in buildings

31
Q

wayfinding defintion

A

processes that help us navigate through environment

32
Q

cognitive maps definiton

A

pictorial and semantic images in out heads related to place arrangement

33
Q

environmental cognition definition

A

thinking about/remembering place with no reference to location or distance

34
Q

environmental cognition - optimal stimulation concept

A

by Joachim Wohlwill
based on adaptation level theory by Harry Helson

each of adapts to certain level of stimulation

when setting too novel, complex, fast = overstimulating/stressful

pleasure and performance suffer

same effect if understimulating

35
Q

most research focused on ___ cognition rather than ___ cognition

A

spatial, environmental

36
Q

Kevin Lynch 5 elements of legibility

A
  1. paths - routes along which people travel
  2. edges - lines of things
  3. districts - moderate sized areas city residents say has particular character
  4. nodes - well known pts ppl travel to and from (junctures of important paths
  5. landmarks - easily viewed elements
37
Q

legibility defintion

A

ease with which setting recognized/organized by people

38
Q

influences on spatial cognition - list

A

individual differences

physical environment differences

stage of life

spatial ability

gender

physical influences

39
Q

influences on spatial cognition - stage of life

A

Jean Piaget’s Theory of cognitive development =

increased age = some spatial abilities decline, others do not

older people think about space differently than younger

older people learn new spatial info slower

older rely on memory more

40
Q

influences on spatial cognition - gender

A

women have greater difficulty/uncertainty wayfinding in new settings

41
Q

influences on spatial cognition - wayfinding/physical influences

A

wayfinding easier with simpler floor plans

signage increases rate of travel

indivs move toward areas of best surveillance

space syntax = analyzing building through features that affect movement through space (subjective view of place)

42
Q

certain buildings make stronger impact on indivs regardless of ___

A

culture

43
Q

design to help alzheimers

A

varied in form

minimized building height

avoid patterns, dark lines, dark surfaces

many signs

Theory Quiz 2 (3 decks)

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