lecture 4

Question 1

three clinical forms

acute malnutrition

Answer 1

a) marasmus (wasting): severe weight loss
b) kwashiorkor (nutritional edema): bloated, water retention, bilateral pitting edema
c) marasmic-kwashiorkor: combination of wasting and bilateral edema

Question 2

marasmus

Answer 2

• body tries to conserve energy by reducing activity of liver, kidneys and heart
• uses proteins from muscle and other tissues to help meet body’s needs
• loss of >30% of body protein results in less strength for breathing, susceptibility to infections, abnormal organ function, death

Question 3

kwashiorkor

Answer 3

• bilateral pitting edema starts in feet and progresses to legs, arms, hands and face
• more serious, associated with metabolic abnormalities
• difficult to treat, mainly due to protein deficiency

Question 4

marasmic-kwashiorkor

Answer 4

• both wasting and bilateral pitting edema
• a form of SAM

Question 5

prevalence of T2D

Answer 5

• around 80.6% of people living with T2D live in low and middle income countries
• around 589 million adults have T2D worldwide

Question 6

nutrition transition

Answer 6

• dietary intake shifts from complex carbs and lean proteins to simple carbs, added sugars, saturated and processed food
• physical activity shifts from active transportation, physical occupations and physical labour tasks to cars/busses, sedentary occupations and automation

Question 7

stages of the nutrition transition

Answer 7

1. hunter-gatherer or paleolithic
2. modern agriculture and famine
3. receding famine
4. changes in activity levels and diet lead to increased levels of non communicable diseases
5. behavioural change in which populations reduce their fat, increase fibre intake and do meaningful physical activity that extends mortality and reduces NCDs

Question 8

double burden of malnutrition

Answer 8

both undernutrition and overnutrition can co-exist in the same country, family or even individual