lecture 6

Question 1

why has iodine intake decreased in australia and why is this a concern for mothers?

Answer 1

• iodine intake decreased as a result of increased awareness about the link between salt and HT
• low iodine status in majority of pregnant women prompted additional fortification of bread, however iodine status is still low in many pregnant women
• this is a result of dietary trends which discourage carb consumption

Question 2

relationship between iodine intake and offspring cognition

Answer 2

curvilinear relationship, scores for cognition and language were lowest among women with the lowest and highest intakes of iodine during pregnancy

Question 4

what are examples of interventions that address immediate causes of undernutriton?

Answer 4

fortification, supplements or vaccines

Question 5

what are examples of interventions that address underlying causes of undernutriton?

Answer 5

income supplement, community garden, promote BF, nutrition education for caregivers, increase nutritional screening

Question 6

what are examples of interventions that address basic causes of undernutriton?

Answer 6

change norms on value placed on maternal/child health, change norms on what we consider good dietary intake, adequate income

Question 7

maternal mortality

Answer 7

death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy

Question 8

causes of maternal mortality

Answer 8

IDA, preeclampsia, delivery complications, hemorrhage, infections, unsafe abortion

Question 9

who is at greatest risk for maternal mortality?

Answer 9

• people living in poverty (rural areas), young women
• every day, 700 women die from oreventable causes related to pregnancy (92% of whom are in low/lower middle income countries)

Question 10

malnutrition and obstructed labour

Answer 10

• passage of the fetus through the pelvis can be mechanically blocked if the pelvis is too small (may be due to inadequate development)
• stunting, vitamin D deficiency and early pregnancy can all impact a babies ability to be born naturally

Question 11

global trends of maternal mortality

Answer 11

• has decreased in recent years (1 in 66 from 1 in 45 in LIC, 1 in almost 8000 in HIC)
• we saw a spike during COVID
• venezuela has experienced an increase in maternal mortality as a result of the political instability and conflict

Question 12

strategies used to reduce maternal mortality

Answer 12

• increase number of women who have a skilled caregiver present during childbirth
• music (song emphasizing care at the clinic saves lives)

Question 13

have these strategies worked?

Answer 13

• we have seen an increase in the number of women with a skilled caregiver present (58% to 73%)
• in ethiopia, the song helped decrease maternal mortality (now 195 per 100,000 live births from 1329 per 100,000 live births)

Question 14

why do some women not receive adequate care during pregnancy/childbirth?

Answer 14

• health system failures
• social determinants of health put some groups at higher risk
• social norms and gender inequality don’t prioritize reproductive health for women
• climate and humanitarian crises

Question 15

why can music act as a powerful health promotion tool?

Answer 15

doesn’t rely on literacy, widely broadcasted, convey emotion and information and is often remembered easily