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b1 > Lecture 4, 5, 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 4, 5, 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How were all life forms having basic metabolism?

A

First lifeforms evolved basic metabolism and gave it to all their descendants

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2
Q

What are metabolic pathways run by?

A

molecular machines in ultra sophisticated high tech networks shaped by billions of years of evolution…

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3
Q

What is the purpose of molecular machinery?

A
  • To get energy needed to run a cell
  • basics identical in all cells of all life forms
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4
Q

Describe how cells get their energy

A
  • pass high energy electrons to lower energetic states by ETC
  • energy extracted and stored in ATP
  • membrane = essential… energy freed as electrons passed down the ETC drive protons to one side of the membrane = differences which drive ATP synthase
  • ATP synthase + ADP = ATP molecule
  • energy for the metabolic jobs in a cell!
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5
Q

How do electrons get disposed of?

A

passing them on to a ‘final electron acceptor’ that is moved out of the cell (ex: oxygen, good oxidizing agent)

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6
Q

What are some of the main jobs of basic metabolism?

A
  • take molecules apart
  • obtain high energy electrons used to charge up ADP to ATP that power the cell
  • make organic compounds
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7
Q

What is glycolysis? and its steps

A

sugar splitting
- glucose split into pyruvate
- net 2 ATP
- electron acceptor accepts or without, fermentation happens = lactate or ethanol

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8
Q

What is photosynthesis? and its steps

A

synthesizing glucose with light power
- draws carbon dioxide in
-pigment molecule captures photons and boosts electron from a donor to higher energy level
- passed down ETC to charge ADP to ATP
- the Calvin cycle

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9
Q

What order yields most ATP, how much?

A

Aerobic = 27 net
Anaerobic
Fermentation

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10
Q

What is the most common and important electron donor?

A

Water

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11
Q

Over planetary history, the net removal of carbon has been large enough because…

A

most of the planet’s carbon has been converted into soil, peat, muskeg, natural gas, oil, coal, or rock

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12
Q

What are peat, muskeg, coal, and many of Earth’s rocks made of?

A

Fossilized atmosphere from the Earth’s earlier self

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13
Q

What is the Industrial revolution and large scale burning of fossil fuels leading to?

A

Rate of carbon return to atmosphere exceeding the removal rate

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14
Q

What is chemiosmosis and why is it important in ETC?

A

Process of moving ions to the other side of the membrane
Drives ATP synthase motor from pressure difference

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15
Q

What is the most important electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

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16
Q

Why have different pigments evolved?

A

different environments (ex: water) have different spectrums than in sunlight

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17
Q

What are the 6 general methods for obtaining energy and carbon-carbon bonds?

A
  • photoautotrophs
  • photoheterotrophs
  • chemoorganoautotrophs
  • chemoorganoheterotrops
  • chemolithoautotrophs
  • chemolithoheterotrophs
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17
Q

What are the 3 sources of energy for synthesis of ATP

A
  1. phototrophs - from sunlight
  2. chemoorganotrophs - from organic molecules
    - chemolithotrophs - from inorganic molecules
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18
Q

What are the 2 sources of C-C bonds (for synthesis of complex organic molecules)?

A
  1. Autotrophs - self synthesized
  2. heterotrophs - from molecules produced by other organisms
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19
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

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20
Q

Are fungi more closely related to animals than plants?

A

Yes

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21
Q

True or False, living things can be the ancestor of another?

A

False, but all of them share ancestors

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22
Q

True or false, the basics of biochem are identical in all lifeforms and must have been possessed by LUCA?

A

True

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23
Q

What is the serial endosymbiosis hypothesis?

A

Eukaryotic cells originated when two prokaryotic symbionts evolved a similarly intimate relationship, with one becoming specialized for living inside the other.

24
Q

What is evidence for endosymbiosis theory?

A
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts have own DNA and membranes the resemble alleged prokaryotic ancestors
  • they reproduce independently of the cell in which they exist, resembles division of prokaryotic cells
  • partnership = big advantage to created eukaryote
  • mitochondria = cell larger because powerhouse..
  • chloroplasts = specialized photosynthesis
25
Q

What do bacteria and archaea have in common?

A
  • DNA, RNA, proteins
  • basic processes for making protein
  • universal genetic code
  • basic energy metabolism
26
Q

What do bacteria and archaea differ?

A
  • method of copying DNA
  • structure of their cell membranes
  • structure of their cell walls
27
Q

What is homology?

A
  • traits that lifeforms have inherited from a common ancestor
28
Q

Why are protists a bad name?

A

disrespects ancestry, doesn’t have descendants that share a common ancestor, the ‘others’, eukaryotes other than animals, plants, fungi

29
Q
A
30
Q

What are metabolic pathways run by

A

molecular machines in ultra sophisticated networks shaped by billions of years of evolution

31
Q

What is the most sophisticated mechanism in the universe?

A

biochemistry evolved by bacteria on early Earth
- ancestral, not primitive

32
Q

How do cells gain energy

A
  • ETC passes high energy electrons to lower energetic states, energy extracted stored in ATP, low energy electrons disposed
33
Q

What is chemiosmosis and why is it important in ATP making

A

the movement of ions to the other side of a membrane to create a gradient, pressure drives ATP synthase

34
Q

How are electrons disposed of

A

given to final electron acceptor and moved out of cell… (oxidizing agent)

35
Q

What are the main jobs of basic metabolism?

A
  1. take molecules apart
  2. obtain high energy electrons used to charge ADP molecules
  3. make organic compounds
36
Q

What are the two most basic metabolic pathways

A
  1. glycolysis - sugar splitting
  2. photosynthesis - synthesizing glucose
37
Q

How does glycolysis work?

A
  • glucose split to pyruvate
  • net of two ATP
  • without electron acceptor fermentation happens = lactate or ethanol
  • more if electron acceptor
38
Q

What is the best final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

39
Q

What is the extra net from aerobic respiration

A

27 atps

40
Q

what is the order than produces most atps

A
  1. aerobic
  2. anaerobic
  3. fermentation
41
Q

What is photosynthesis like?

A
  • takes CO2 and makes glucose
  • high energy electrons generated by pigments capturing photons and boosts electron to higher energy levels
  • Calvin cycle
42
Q

what is the most common and important electron donor?

A

water

43
Q

What has most of the planet’s carbon been converted to?

A

soil, peat, muskeg, natural gas, oil, coal, rock

44
Q

All of peat, muskeg, coal, and earths rocks are…

A

fossilized atmosphere from the Earth’s earlier self

45
Q

Large scale usage of fossil fuels means…

A

rate of carbon return to atmosphere exceeds removal rate = concentration begun to climb

46
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

47
Q

true or false, fungi are most closely related to animals than plants

A

true

48
Q

true or false, the analogy of lifeforms being twigs mean that living branches can be an ancestor of another

A

false, none of the living branches can be the ancestor of another, but all of them share ancestors

49
Q

true or false, the basics of biochemistry are identical in all life forms, and must have been possessed by LUCA

A

True

50
Q

What is the serial endosymbiosis hypothesis

A

eukaryotic cells originated when two prokaryotic symbionts evolved intimate relationship with one of the symbionts becoming specialized for living inside the other

51
Q

What is the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory with mitochondria and chloroplasts

A
  1. mitochondria and chloroplasts have own DNA and membranes that resemble alleged prokaryotic ancestors
  2. reproduce independently of the cell they exist, resembles prokaryotic
  3. bigger advantages to eukaryote that resulted
52
Q

How are eukaryotic cells so big

A

mitochondria powerhouses could be distributed throughout the cell, supplying ATP close to where it was needed

53
Q

What are the two courses of C-C bonds(for synthesis of complex organic compounds)

A

Autotrophs - self synthesizing
Heterotrophs - from molecules produced by other organisms

54
Q

what are the 3 sources of energy (for synthesis of ATP)

A
  1. phototrophs - from sunlight
  2. chemoorganotrophs - from organic molecules
  3. chemolithotrophs - from inorganic molecules
55
Q

what does paraphyletic mean

A

they contain some but not all of the descendants of the ancestral taxon

56
Q

draw the life cycles for animals, plants, and fungi

A

good luck!

57
Q

What is the difference between sex and reproduction

A

sex = two cells become one
reproduction = one cell becoming two

58
Q
A

b1 (6 decks)

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