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Lecture 4 (Cardiopulmonary System) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

heart, vasculature, and blood

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2
Q

What are the three types of vessels?

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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3
Q

Pulmonary artery carries ________ (oxygenated/ deoxygenated blood)

A

deoxygenated

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4
Q

pulmonary veins carries __________ (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood

A

oxygenated

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5
Q

vasculogenesis and when does it occur?

A

formation of arteries and veins; ONLY during embryonic development

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6
Q

angiogenesis and when does it occur?

A

formation of vascular branches from existing blood vessels; during embryonic development AND throughout life (during healing)

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A

tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima

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8
Q

What is an example of a large artery?

A

aaorta, left common carotid artery

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9
Q

What are the three classes of veins?

A

large veins, medium small veins, and venules

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10
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

increase HR and cause vasoconstriction

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11
Q

parasympathtic nervous system

A

decrease HR and cause vasodilation

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12
Q

What are the two types of receptors?

A

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

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13
Q

where are baroreceptors located and what does it detect?

A

aorta and carotid sinus; detect changes in BP

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14
Q

where are chemoreceptors located and what does it detect?

A

aorta and carotid body; detects changes in pH and O2

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15
Q

when does heart develop?

A

3 weeks after conception

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16
Q

when do we hear a heart beat during pregnancy?

A

4 weeks

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17
Q

when does the heart form into a 4-chamber structure (septation)?

A

7 weeks

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18
Q

where is the baby getting oxygen and nutrients during pregnancy?

A

the placenta

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19
Q

shunting systems

A

small passages for blood to travel through in order to bypass body parts that are not yet developed

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20
Q

what are the three main shunting systems to bypass lungs?

A

foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus

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21
Q

what percent of live births have a congenital heart disease?

A

1%

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22
Q

What is the leading non-infectious cause of death in 1st year of life?

A

congenital heart disease

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23
Q

When does the left side of the heart become predominant?

A

as they grow up during infancy and childhood

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24
Q

in children / infants heart is initially oriented __________ (horizontally / vertically)

A

horizontally

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25
T/F the number of myocytes increase in childhood
False; increase in myofibrils, increase in force production (contraction of myocyte)
26
What happens to the following during infancy and childhood?: blood volume, stroke volume, heart rate, and blood pressure
Blood volume: increases Stroke Volume: increases Blood pressure: increase Heart rate: decreases
27
What happens to the vessels in aging (common theme in systems)?
thicker, stiffer, and less flexible
28
What is the leading cause of deaths in adults?
Heart disease
29
What are the components of the pulmonary system?
lungs, airways, blood vessels, and thorax
30
What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?
gas exchange
31
What are the two zones of the pulmonary system and what parts are included in each?
1) conducting zone (passageway for air to travel): nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and brinchioles 2) respiratory zone (gas exchange): respiratory bronchiles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
32
Where is the center in the brain that controls respiration?
medulla oblongata and pons
33
What does each autonomic nervous system do to the bronchials (dialation / constriction)? which increases and which decreases respiration rate?
sympathetic nervous system: bronchial dilation and increased respiratory rate parasympathetic nervous system: bronchial constriction and decrease
34
What are the receptors in the pulmonary system and what do they detect?
1) chemoreceptors; detect changes in blood pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen 2) stretch receptors
35
What are the main muscles of ventilation?
intercostal muscles and diaphragm
36
What muscles are used during active breathing (not QL)?
internal intercostals and abdominals
37
What are the accessory muscles of breathing?
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis major
38
As the left ventricle grows during adolescence the stroke volume (increases / decreases)?
increases
39
tidal volume
amount of air inhaled or exhaled at rest with each breath
40
residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs following expiration
41
minute ventilation
total volume of air inspired and expired in one minute
42
Are the ventilatory muscles fully developed at birth?
No!
43
Following the achievement of sitting what happens to pulmonary structures: (4 things)
1) ribs become angles 2) diaphragm becomes dome 3) venitilatory muscles get stronger 4) increased efficiency of breathing
44
when is the sufactant produced?
24 weeks
45
Are the airways smaller or larger in children?
smaller!!
46
What happens to proximal airways and vasculature in adolescence?
Both are increased
47
when are the smooth muscles in arterial walls of alveoli fully developed?
19 years old
48
When are functional impairments evident in the pulmonary system? Which decade
7th decade
49
How does the body respond to age-related changes?
increasing the breathing rate in order to increase minute ventilation!!
50
when in neonatal development does the respiratory zones become viable?
26-28 weeks (7 months)
51
what 3 measures reflect the efficiency of the cardiopulmonary system?
cardiac output, minute ventilation, and maximal aerobic capacity
52
cardiac output
efficiency of cardiovascular system (stroke volume x HR = cardiac output)
53
minute ventilation
efficiency of pulmonary system (tidal volume x respiratory rate = minute ventilation)
54
maximal aerobic capacity
maximal ability of an individual's body to transport and use oxygen for energy production
55
T/F the heart rate in an adult is typically higher than that of a newborn
FALSE!!!
56
T/F the total lung volume decreases in old age
False; lung volume does not change
57
What are 2 changes in the lungs that occur in aging
decreased compliance and elasticity AND decrease in vital capacity and increase in residual volume (more air left behind)
58
What are 4 changes in the thoracic wall and muscular changes that occur in aging? What is the result of these changes?
1) decreased joint mobility 2) decreased expansion of chest wall 3) decreased strength and endurance of inspiratory muscles 4) altered length-tension relationship of muscles LEADS TO: increased work of breathing (quiz)
59
Gas exchange ___________ (increases /decreases) in adolescence
increases
60
Which two things increase in adolescence?
1) size of airways and vasculature 2) alveolar size, elastic fibers in alveolar walls, and capillaries to alveoli
61
There is an increase in number of alveoli and pulmonary vascularization until age _______
8
62
There is an increased risk of respiratory infections until age ______ to ______
6-8 years
63
What is a capillary?
the connection between arteries and veins to allow for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
64
Blood flow through heart beginning with deoxygenated blood from body traveling into R atrium:
1) from R atrium through tricuspid valve to R ventricle 2) through pulmonary artery to lungs 3) oxygenated blood through pulmonary vein to L atrium 4) through mitral valve into L ventricle 5) through aorta out to body
65
When does vasculature development occur?
3-4 weeks after conception
66
What are the three classes of arteries?
large elastic arteries, medium muscular arteries, and small arteries and arterioles
67
Which arterial layer are the large elastic and medium muscular arteries located in?
tunica media
68
What is an example of a medium muscular artery?
femoral artery or axillary artery
69
Are there one-way valves or two-way valves present in veins?
one-way valves
70
Where are the one-way valves of veins typically located?
veins inferior to the heart to help facilitate blood flow towards the heart
71
For the following shunts please list the new structure that they form: 1) foramen ovale 2) ductus arteriosus 3) umbilical vein 4) ductus venosus 5) umbilical arteries
1) foramen ovale -> fossa ovalis 2) ductus arteriosus -> ligamentum arteriosum 3) umbilical vein ->ligamentum teres 4) ductus venosus -> ligamentum venosum 5) umbilical arteries -> lateral umbilical ligaments
72
T/F: there is a decrease in vascularization from birth to adulthood
False; there is an increase in vascularization (at birth 1 vessel for every 6 muscle fibers and in adulthood 1:1 ratio)
73
What are the newborn levels of Hb?
20g/100mL
74
Which has more Hb present in their blood?: a fetus or an infant
a fetus; more Hb and less O2 saturation
75
As body weight _________ (increases/decreases), blood pressure __________ (increases/decreases)
increases; increases
76
In older adults there is a decrease in HR due to a decrease in the number of _______________
pacemaker cells in sinoatrial (SA) node
77
In older adults there is a _____________ (increase / decrease) in number of myocytes, but ____________ (increase / decrease) in heart size
decrease; increase
78
In older age, the ________ (right / left) ventricular wall becomes thicker which causes the stroke volume to ___________ (increase / decrease)
Left ; decreased
79
When does pulmonary development begin?
4-8 weeks of gestation (differentiation of trachea and bronchi, long buds form, and bronchi begin to form in lungs)
80
At birth the orientation of the rib cage is ___________
horizontal

developmental (9 decks)

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