Lecture 5 (Motor Control & Motor Learning)

Question 1

Motor control definition

Answer 1

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

What are the two control strategies of motor control?

Answer 2

feed-forward strategy and feed-back strategy

Question 3

Movement emerges from the interaction of what 3 factors?

Answer 3

1) individual
2) task
3) environment

Question 4

What are the three things to consider when it comes to an individual (think of venn diagram thingy)?

Answer 4

perception, cognition, and action

Question 5

What is the degrees of freedom problem?

Answer 5

choosing among equivalent solutions and then coordinating the many muscles and joints involved in a movement

Question 6

Perception definition

Answer 6

integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information

Question 7

What are 5 cognitive processes included in motor control?

Answer 7

attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects

Question 8

What is single vs dual task control?

Answer 8

A single task is with no outside stimulus (done in a vacuum) while dual task control is a more real life scenarios where there are more than one stimulus

Question 9

What are examples of tasks that fall under the classification of functional categories?

Answer 9

bed mobility tasks, transfer tasks, walking and ADLs

Question 10

What is an example of a discrete movement? Continuous?

Answer 10

A discrete task is throwing a ball and a continuous task is walking, running, swimming

Question 11

What is a discrete task?

Answer 11

definite beginning and end

Question 12

What is a continuous task?

Answer 12

no recognizable beginning and end points, end point is not an inherent characteristic of task

Question 13

open movement definition and example

Answer 13

constantly changing or unpredictable environments; example: dribbling a soccer ball or driving in traffic

Question 14

closed movement definition and example

Answer 14

relatively fixed, predictable environment; diving into a pool or swinging a golf club

Question 15

What is a regulatory environment? Example?

Answer 15

movement must conform to regulatory features in order to achieve the goal of the task; examples: different sized cups require different grasping patterns, walking on an uneven grassy surface impacts the gait pattern differently than walking on smooth floor

Question 16

What is a non-regulatory environment? Example?

Answer 16

movement does not have to conform to these features because they may or may not affect movement; examples: background noise, or lighting

Question 17

What are the two classifications of the environment? (think venn diagram)

Answer 17

regulatory and non-regulatory

Question 18

Reflex theory

Answer 18

motor control works based on reflexes from the central nervous system

Question 19

Hierarchial control theory

Answer 19

more components that just the central nervous system; higher levels of nervous system activate lower levels then in turn lower levels activate synergies (group of muscles constrained to act together as a unit to solve the degree of freedom problem)

Question 20

Systems theory: movements emerge from the interplay between ___________(three things) in the initial conditions

Answer 20

the body system, external force, and variations

Question 21

What is the main difference between the dynamic systems theory and the systems theory?

Answer 21

the dynamic systems theory is de-emphasizing the notion of commands from the CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations

Question 22

T/F Variability is considered to be the result of error under the dynamic systems theory

Answer 22

False; variability is considered to be a necessary condition of optimal function

Question 23

Too much variability can lead to what?

Answer 23

impaired movement performance (ataxia)

Question 24

Too little variability can lead to what?

Answer 24

injury (repetitive muscle strain)

Question 25

A small amount of variability indicates what?

Answer 25

a highly stable behavior or a preferred pattern, viewed as attractor state

Question 26

T/F in regards to an attractor well: the deeper the well, the harder it is to change preferred pattern, suggesting a stable movement pattern

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Which theory of motor control is best?

Answer 27

Not one that is the best

Question 28

motor learning early definition

Answer 28

study of the acquisition and / or modification of movement

Question 29

What are the four concepts of motor learning?

Answer 29

1) learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action 2) learning results from experience or practice 3) leaning cannot be measured directly, referred from behavioral changes 4) leaning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior

Question 29

performance definition

Answer 29

temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice

Question 29

learning definition

Answer 29

relatively permanent change in behavior and involved in skill retention

Question 30

Closed loop theory refers to control achieved by ____________

Answer 30

feedback

Question 30

What is an example of 4 teaching strategies that a therapist could use to accomplish therapeutic goals?

Answer 30

instruction, feedback, practice, and motivation

Question 31

open loop theory means there is ________________ of a moving object

Answer 31

no position feedback

Question 32

What are the three stages of fitts and posner's three stage model?

Answer 32

cognitive stage, associative stage, autonomous stage

Question 33

What are the three stages of the Systems Three-Stage model?

Answer 33

novice stage, advanced stage, and expert stage

Question 34

What are the two stages of the Gentile Two-Stage Model?

Answer 34

stage one: understand the requirements of the movement stage two: refine the movement (fixation/ diversification)

Question 35

The novice stage of the systems three stage model is characterized by what?

Answer 35

"freeze degree of freedom"

Question 36

The advanced stage of the systems three stage model is characterized by what?

Answer 36

"release additional degree of freedom"; biomechanical constraints and degree of freedom are being refined; muscle synergies used

Question 37

The expert stage of the systems three stage model is characterized by what?

Answer 37

"release all degree of freedom"; movements are optimally controlled and energy is being used more efficiently

Question 38

The cognitive stage of the Fitts and Posner three stage model is characterized by what?

Answer 38

"what is it that must be done?"

Question 39

The associative stage of the Fitts and Posner three stage model is characterized by what?

Answer 39

"how should it be done?"

Question 40

The autonomous stage of the Fitts and Posner three stage model is characterized by what?

Answer 40

"what presents success"; perfotming skills automatically with low level of attention; ready for dual-task performance

Question 41

Stage one of the gentile two-stage model is characterized by what?

Answer 41

understanding the goal of the task, developing an appropriate movement strategy (basically preparing for the movements)

Question 42

Stage two of the gentile two-stage model is characterized by what?

Answer 42

developing the capability of adapting movement to changing task and environmental demands while performing the task consistently and efficiently; fixation and diversification

Question 43

__________ skills require fixation

Answer 43

closed

Question 44

___________ skills require diversification

Answer 44

open

Question 45

What is the acquisition or practice phase of motor learning? Is performance or learning indicated in this phase?

Answer 45

initial fumbling attempts, skills are learned or relearned, indicates "performance"

Question 46

What is the retention and transfer phase of motor learning? Is performance or learning indicated in this phase?

Answer 46

mastery of a skill, information stored for retrieval and application to novel situations; indicates "learning"

Question 47

Definition of practice

Answer 47

practice is the continuing and repetitive effort to become proficient in a skill

Question 48

Should practice be active or passive?

Answer 48

active (initiated by the patient)

Question 49

What is intrinsic feed back?

Answer 49

feedback from the various sensory systems

Question 50

What is extrinsic feedback?

Answer 50

feedback from the external resources

Question 51

what is knowledge of results (KR)?

Answer 51

the outcome of movement; terminal feedback

Question 52

what is knowledge of performance (KP)?

Answer 52

movement pattern (kinematic feedback); how the person completes movement

Question 53

Adapting both the principles of _____________ and the _____________ in which skills are practiced are key elements when working with older adults

Answer 53

motor leaning; environment

Question 54

Where does mental practice occur?

Answer 54

supplementary motor cortex

Question 55

_____________ (guided / unguided) conditions are less effective for immediate skill acquisition but more effective for transfer

Answer 55

unguided

Question 56

What are 5 key learning elements for all ages?

Answer 56

environmental considerations, motivation, attention, guidance and instruction, and selection of feedback and practice

Question 57

T/F: Mental practice is not effective for older adults

Answer 57

false; mental practice is HIGHLY effective for older adults

Question 58

Ability to learn in older adults is dependent on what 4 items

Answer 58

intelligence, learning skills acquired over the years, flexibility of learning style, and various non-cognitive factors

Question 59

What is a control parameter under the dynamic systems theory?

Answer 59

a variable that regulates changes changes in the behavior of the entire system (example: velocity; easier doing something slow)

Question 60

What is the principle of "self-organization" under the dynamic systems theory?

Answer 60

states that when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way - not need for a higher center issuing commands in order to achieve coordinated action

Question 61

performance skills that are _________ related tend to demonstrate a noticeable decline in older people

Answer 61

time

Question 62

massed vs distributed practice

Answer 62

massed: amount of practice time greater than rest between trials distributed: amount of rest between trials is greater than trial time

Question 63

constant vs. variable practice

Answer 63

constant: practice skill repeatedly under SAME parameter variable: practice skill under a VARIETY of parameter settings

Question 64

random vs blocked learning

Answer 64

random: practice set of motor tasks in random order blocked: practice motor tasks in fixed order

Question 65

whole vs part practice

Answer 65

whole: entire movement at once part: break down task into different components