Lecture 4 exam Flashcards
1
Q
AV valves do what during Ventricular contractions?
A
They close
2
Q
How many cusps do Semilunar Valve have?
A
3 cusps
3
Q
What are the 2 Atrioventricular Valves
A
Tricuspid and Bicuspid (Mitral)
4
Q
What are the 2 Semilunar Valves
A
Pulmonary and Aortic
5
Q
SL valves do what during ventricular contractions?
A
they are forced open
6
Q
What are the 3 tissues of the Heart?
A
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
7
Q
also called the visceral pericardium. Outermost layer of the heart
A
Epicardium
8
Q
middle layer of the heart; cardiac muscle (contracts).
A
Myocardium
9
Q
inner layer of the heart; lines the inside of the heart; squamous epithelium
A
Endocardium
10
Q
anchors the myocardium, valves and vessels, but is not electrically active
A
Fibrous skeleton of the Heart
11
Q
supply myocardium with oxygenated blod
A
Coronary arteries
12
Q
drain myocardium of deoxygenated blood
A
coronary veins
13
Q
What is it called when the Coronary Artery’s perfusion is lowered due to not enough 02 or nutrients
A
Ischemia
14
Q
what is it called when cardiac tissue dies due to lac of perfusion
A
Myocardial Infarction
15
Q
Contraction of the heart is known as?
A
Systole
16
Q
Relaxation of the heart is known as?
A
Diastole
17
Q
What are the 3 types of blood vessels
A
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
18
Q
What are the 3 tissue layers of blood vessels?
A
Tunica Interna
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
19
Q
smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
Controls vessel diameter
A
Tunica media
20
Q
collagen fibers (structural support).
A
Tunica Externa
21
Q
endothelium. Lining of the blood vessels. Simple squamous epithelium + basement membrane
A
Tunica Interna
22
Q
What are the 3 types of Arteries
A
- Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
- Muscular (Distributing) Arteries
- Arterioles
23
Q
- Aorta and its major branches.
- Thick walls, large lumen.
Low resistance to blood flow
A
Elastic Arteries
24
Q
•Medium-sized.
Distributes blood to individual organs
A
Muscular (Distributing) Arteries
25
•Smallest arteries.
Control blood flow into capillary beds
Arterioles
26
what are the 3 types of veins
Venules
Veins
Sinuses
27
What is the smallest Vein
Venules
28
thin walls, large lumens. Limb veins have valves
Veins
29
specialized. Endothelium only. Coronary sinus: drains myocardium. Dural sinuses: drain brain tissue
Sinuses
30
•Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled.
Blood pressure drops, so poor perfusion
Circulatory Shock
31
* Most common type of shock.
* Cause: fluid loss including:
a. acute hemorrhage
b. severe vomiting or diarrhea
c. extensive burns
•Treatment: fluid replacement ASAP
Hypovolemic Shock
32
* Nonliving.
* 90% H2O.
* 8% proteins: albumin, clotting proteins (fibrinogen + prothrombin).
2% nutrients, respiratory gases, electrolytes and wastes
Blood Plasma
33
What is plasma with clotting proteins removed
Serum
34
* %RBC’s in a blood sample.
* Normal adult values:
* Males: 47± 5%
* Females: 42 ± 5%
* Males have more RBCs because testosterone causes more erythropoietin secretion by kidney
Hematocrit
35
•platelets Involved in hemostasis – a mechanism for preventing blood loss when a vessel is injured.
Thrombocytes
36
Mechanism for preventing blood loss
hemostasis
37
what are the 3 phases of hemostasis
1. Vascular spasms
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
38
•Vasoconstriction: immediate; ↓blood loss.
Triggered by chemicals released from injured cells and platelets
Vascular Spasms
39
* Platelets cling to exposed collagen fibers.
* Initiate chemotaxis (release of stored chemical messengers): positive feedback mechanism.
More platelets recruited to injury site
Platelet plug Formation
40
* Cascade of chemical reactions.
* Requires clotting factors and Ca++.
Ultimately forms a fibrin “net” that holds platelets together and traps other substances (RBC’s
Coagulation
41
* The production of red blood cells.
* All types of blood cells develop from a common ancestor called a hemocytoblast.
Erythropoiesis
42
transports O2 & CO2, buffers H+.
Hemoglobin
43
What are the 5 major Leukocytes
1. Neutrophils: bacteria
2. Eosinophils: parasitic worms; allergic reactions.
3. Basophils: inflammatory response.
4. Lymphocytes: virus-infected cells + tumor cells.
5. Monocytes: become macrophages; chronic infections (TB).
44
What are the 3 parts of the Pharynx
* Nasopharynx
* Oropharynx
* Laryngopharynx
45
provide a patent airway
- route food & air into separate channels
- voice production
Larynx (“voice box”)
46
what are the 3 Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Epiglottis
47
“Adam’s apple”; largest
Thyroid cartilage
48
below thyroid cartilage; 360°.
Caricoid cartilage
49
“Guardian of the Airways” – closes during swallowing
Epiglottis
50
what are the functions of the Epiglottis
* Covers inlet to larynx when swallowing.
* Stimulates coughing if touched.
Nonfunctional if comatose
51
ligaments that vibrate to produce sound as we exhale
True Vocal cords
52
ligaments that help close the glottis during swallowing
False vocal cords
53
* Anterior to esophagus.
* Expands and recoils during breathing.
Trachea
54
how many cartilage rings are in the Trachea
16-20
55
how many generations of airway branching are there in the lungs
25 generations
56
what is the last generation called
terminal bronchioles
57
* No cartilage.
* Smooth muscle present.
Patency depends on pressure within the lungs
Bronchioles
58
the movement of air into and out of the alveoli (Breathing)
Ventilation
59
gas exchange between:
- the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
- the systemic capillaries and the systemic cells
Respiration
60
oxygen and carbon dioxide moving in opposite directions at the lungs and at the cells of the body
Gas exchange
61
How does Gas exchange happen
Occurs by simple diffusion
62
what is the driving force behind gas exchange
Partial Pressure gradient
63
what is air's mixture
•~21% O2 and ~79% N2
64
what is the pressure of oxygen in the alveolus
100 mmHg
65
what is the pressure of oxygen in the Venous blood
40 mmHg
66
what is the pressure of oxygen in the Arterial Blood
100 mmHg
67
what is the pressure of CO2 in the Alveolus
40 mmHg
68
what is the pressure of CO2 in the Venous blood
45 mmHg
69
what is the pressure of CO2 in the Arterial blood
40 mmHg
70
O2 moves down its partial pressure gradient from the what to the what
from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary
71
CO2 moves down its partial pressure gradient from the what to the what
from the pulmonary capillary to the alveolus
72
•stimulates contraction of diaphragm + external
intercostals
Medulla oblongata
73
what is the primary stimulus to breathing
rise in CO2
74
•causes air to flow into and out the lungs.
Air flows down its pressure gradient
Pressure gradient
75
what are the 2 muscles involved with Inspiration
Diaphragm and External intercostals
76
what are the 2 types of Exhalation
Passive Exhalation and forced exhalation
77
what are the 4 structures involved with the Urinary System
1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Bladder
4. Urethra
78
What are the 3 tissues around the Kidney
Renal Fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule
79
•(a layer of fat): protects against trauma for the kidneys
adipose capsule
80
•(innermost layer): protects kidneys against infection from other structures
Renal capsule
81
(outermost layer): anchors the kidneys in place
Renal Fascia
82
what are the 5 functions of the kidneys
1. Filter blood
2. Produce urine
3. Fluid & electrolyte balance
4. Acid-base balance
5. Produce renin and erythropoietin
83
“crescent moon” – surrounds glomerulus. Visceral & parietal layers
Bowmans capsule
84
folded, twisted region; very permeable; dense microvilli
proximal convoluted tubule
85
folded, twisted region; impermeable unless ADH or aldosterone present
Distal convoluted tubule
86
Permeable to H20 only
Descending Limb
87
permeable to electrolytes only
Ascending Limb
88
what are the 3 steps of Urine formation
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
89
compounds move from the glomerulus → Bowman’s capsule
Filtration
90
compounds move from the nephron → peritubular capillaries
Reabsorption
91
compounds move from the peritubular capillaries → nephron
Secretion
92
what are the 3 Nitrogenous Wastes
1. Urea: amino acid breakdown.
2. Creatinine: creatine phosphate break-down.
3. Uric acid: nucleic acid breakdown
93
Lung Anatomy
Narrow top, lies deep to avoid the clavicles
Apex
94
Lung Anatomy
Concave botton; sits on the diaphragm
Base
95
Lung Anatomy
For the Heart
Cardiac Notch
96
How many lobes are in the Right lung and what are their names
•Right lung has 3 lobes:
1. right upper lobe
2. right middle lobe
3. right lower lobe
97
how many lobes are in the Left lung and what are their names
•Left lung has 2 lobes:
1. left upper lobe
2. left lower lobe
98
Double-layered serous membrane that produces pleural fluid
Reduces friction and connects lungs to ribcage and diaphragm
The Pleura
99
lines surface of lung
Visceral Pleura
100
lines inside of ribcage and top of diaphragm
Parietal Pleura
101
a. sperm production
b. androgen production (testosterone)
testes
102
production of haploid sperm cells by meiosis; regulated by testosterone
Spermatogenesis
103
what are the 3 parts of the sperm cell
1. Head
2. Midpiece
3. Tail
104
1.Sac made of skin, fat and muscle.
Maintain testes outside the body for temperature regulation
Scrotum
105
Transports sperm from testes to exterior
Male Duct System
106
Sperm maturation; stores sperm; propels sperm during ejaculation
Epididymis
107
Transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct. Uses peristalsis
Vasectomy
Ductus Deferens
108
* Transport sperm to urethra
* Mixing of sperm
and seminal fluid
Ejaculatory Duct
109
Transports urine and sperm
Urethra
110
what are the 3 regions of the Urethra
Prostatic
Membraneous
Spongy
111
what are the 3 Accessory Glands
1. Seminal vesicles
2. Prostate gland
3. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
112
1.Along posterior bladder.
Produce seminal fluid (60% of semen): yellow, viscous, alkaline. Contains: fructose
Seminal Vesicles
113
1.Below the bladder; encircles superior urethra.
Function: produces prostatic fluid Milky white. Contains
Prostate Gland
114
liquifies semen
Fibrolysin
115
1.Pea-sized glands below prostate gland.
Produce and secrete thick clear mucus into urethra prior to ejaculation
Bulbourethral Glands
116
What are the 3 regions of the penis
1. Root (internal)
2. Shaft (body)
3. Glans penis (distal
end) : covered by prepuce (foreskin) if uncircumcised
117
what are the 3 columns of erectile tissue
a. Corpus spongiosum: surrounds urethra.
b. Corpora cavernosa (2)
118
Ovary Structure
outer region containing oocytes in various stages of development
Cortex
119
Ovary Structure
inner region containing blood vessels and nerves
Medulla
120
•Oocyte surrounded by follicle (granulosa) cells.
Each month after puberty, several follicles develop further
Ovarian Follicles
121
Immature follicles
Primordial follicles
122
Mature follicles
Graafian follicles
123
What are the 4 steps of Ovulation
1. An oocyte released into Fallopian tube.
2. It is surrounded by the zona pellucida and the corona radiata.
3. If not fertilized → quickly deteriorates.
If fertilized → completes meiosis: 23 chromosomes
124
1. Granulosa cells left after ovulation.
2. Function: produces progesterone - maintains uterine lining for implantation.
3. Lifespan: 10 days (no fertilization); 3 months (fertilization)
Corpus Luteum ( Temporary Endocrine gland )
125
How long is the ovarian cycle
about 28 days
126
what day does Ovulation occur
occurs on day 14
127
what are the 2 phases of Ovulation
a. Follicular phase (days 1-14): follicles develop.
b. Luteal phase (days 15-28): corpus luteum develops
128
what are the 3 hormones used in the ovarian cycle
a. FSH: maturation of ovarian follicle
b. LH: estrogen production; ovulation
c. Estrogen: overall control of the ovarian cycle
129
* Oviduct or uterine tubes.
* Receives ovulated oocyte.
**Fertilization site**
Fallopian Tubes
130
internal lining where implantation of fertilized egg occurs
Endometrium
131
what are the 3 phases of the Uterine Cycle
a. menstrual phase (days 1-5): endometrium sloughs; estrogen and progesterone ↓↓.
b. proliferative phase (days 6-14): endometrium rebuilds; estrogen ↑.
c. secretory phase (days 15-28): endometrium maintained & ready for implantation; progesterone ↑ then low ↓
132
* 3-4 inches long.
* Rugae.
Acidic
Vagina
133
rounded region of adipose tissue over the pubic symphysis
Mons pubis
134
tissue folds of the vagina
Labia majora and minora
135
lubrication of the Vagina
Greater vestibular glands
136
female erectile tissue, prepuce
Clitoris
137
transports milk to the nipple
Lactiferous duct
138
darkened region around nipple; sebaceous glands – lubrication
Areola
139
small units that contain alveoli (milk-producing glands).
Lobule
140
stimulates the production of breast milk
Prolactin
141
“let down” reflex – ejection of milk from the alveoli
Oxytocin
