Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 Types of Muscle Tissue
A
- Skeletal Muscle
- Cardiac Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
2
Q
What Muscle Tissue is described - Movement, Voluntary, Striated, Fatigues rapidly
A
Skeletal Muscle
3
Q
What muscle Tissue is described - Heart, Involuntary, Striated, Fatigue Resistant.
A
Cardiac Muscle
4
Q
What Muscle Tissue is descirbed - Walls of hollow organs, Involuntary, not striated, fatigue resistant
A
Smooth Muscle
5
Q
What are the 4 functions of Skeletal Muscles
A
- Produce movement.
- Maintain posture.
- Stabilize and strengthen joints.
- Generate heat
6
Q
How much body mass is Skeletal Muscle
A
40%
7
Q
What is a byproduct of ATP production
A
Heat
8
Q
What are the 4 Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
A
- Excitability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
9
Q
the ability to receive and respond to stimuli
A
Excitability
10
Q
the ability to shorten forcibly
A
Contractility
11
Q
the ability to be stretched
A
Extensibility
12
Q
the ability to recoil and resume the original resting length
A
Elasticity
13
Q
What are the 4 Connective Tissue Wrappings
A
- Endomysium
- Perimysium
- Epimysium
- Deep Fascia
14
Q
What Surrounds each muscle fiber
A
Endomysium
15
Q
fibrous C.T. that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers = fascicle
A
Perimysium
16
Q
surrounds the entire muscle
A
Epimysium
17
Q
binds several muscles into a functional group
A
Deep Fascia
18
Q
What are the 2 types of Indirect Muscle Attachment
A
- Tendons
- Aponeurosis
19
Q
Dense Irregular C.T. “Sheet”
A
Aponeurosis
20
Q
Dense regular C.T. “rope”, “strap”
A
Tendons
21
Q
muscle attachment to immovable or less movable bone
A
Origin
22
Q
muscle attachment to movable bone
A
Insertion
23
Q
the muscle that bears the major responsibility for a particular movement. Ex: pectoralis major muscle is the prime mover of arm flexion
A
Agonist (Prime mover)
24
Q
muscles that oppose a particular movement. Ex: the latissimus dorsi causes arm extension, so it is the antagonist of the pectoralis major
A
Antagonist
25
helps the prime mover
Synergist
26
Nuclei located just inside sarcolemma
Multinucleated
27
Contractile units made of actin and myosin that start at one z disc and end at the next z disc
Sarcomere
28
stores calcium ions
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
29
a polymer of glucose stored in the liver and skeletal muscles
Glycogen
30
a red pigment that stores oxygen in the skeletal muscle cell
myoglobin
31
organelles made of repeating units called sarcomeres
myofibrils
32
myosin heads pull the actin toward the center of the sarcomere
power stroke
33
ATP binds to the myosin head causing it to let go of the actin
cross bridge detachment
34
myosin heads attach to exposed binding site on the actin
cross bridge attachment
35
the energy from the Atp molecule is used to reposition the myosin head
re-cocking of the myosin head
36
exposes the hidden binding sites on the actin myofilament
calcium ions
37
a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it controls
motor end plate
38
the space between the nerve ending and the motor end plate
synaptic cleft
39
how we increase the strength of muscle contractions
recruitment of motor units
40
the neurotrasnsmitter at the neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
41
folded, indented part of the sarcolemna
motor end plate
42
What are the 3 types of muscle fibers
1. Red
2. Pink
3. White
43
What determines which type of muscle fibers will predominate
Genetics
44
What are the 5 Major Endocrine Glands
1. Pituitary
2. Pineal
3. Thyroid
4. Parathyroid
5. Adrenal
45
What is the only function of the Endocrine Glands
Their only function is to produce hormones
46
What are the 2 Families of Hormones
1. Amino acid based hormones
2. Steroid hormones
47
hydrophobic – can cross the plasma membrane. Receptors are inside the cell. When the hormone binds to its receptor genes are activated and proteins are produced
Steroid hormones
48
hydrophilic – cannot cross the plasma membrane. Receptors are on the plasma membranes. Uses a second-messenger system
Amino acid based hormones
49
What are the 2 ways hormones are removed
* Broken down by enzymes.
* Excreted by the kidneys.
50
What is required for TH production
Iodine
51
What are the 2 forms of TH
1. T4 (4 iodine atoms)
2. T3 (3 iodine atoms)
52
What is the most active form of TH
TH3
53
What TH is predominately released
T4
54
What 2 Hormones are produced in the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): water retention.
2. Oxytocin: uterine contractions, lactation, social bonding.
55
What 6 Hormones are produced in the Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
1. Growth Hormone (GH)
2. Prolactin (PRL)
3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
56
What 2 Glands make up the Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands
1. Adrenal medulla: part of the sympathetic NS. Produces the catecholamines.
2. Adrenal cortex: endocrine tissue. Produces the corticosteroids.
57
What are the 3 Families of Corticosteroids
1. Mineralocorticoids: Ex. Aldosterone: ↑Na+ retention by kidneys.
2. Glucocorticoids: Ex. Cortisol: increases nutrient levels in the blood; stress response.
3. Gonadocorticoids: Ex. Testosterone and estrogen: exact role not completely understood.
58
What does the Pineal Gland produce
Melatonin
59
What do Alpha Cells in the Pancreas produce
Glucagon
60
What is the Largest Endocrine gland
Throid Gland
61
What do Beta Cells in the Pancreas produce
Insulin
62
What are the 2 classifications of muscle fibers
1. Speed of Contraction
2. Metabolic Pathways
63
What is it called when the muscle is able to generate enough tension to move the load. Muscle length changes
Isotonic Contraction
64
What is it called when the muscle generates peak tension, but still cannot move the load. Muscle length does not change
Isometric contraction
65
* Occurs when muscle receives stimuli in rapid succession.
* Muscle doesn’t relax between stimuli.
* Each successive stimulus causes a stronger contraction (wave summation).
* Due to ↑intracellular Ca++.
Tetanus
66
What are the 2 parts of ATP
Adenosine and 3 Phosphates
67
What do Oxidative Fibers rely primarily on for ATP
Aerobic Respiration
68
What do Glycolytic fibers primarily rely on for ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
69
What are the 2 filaments in Myofibrils
Thick Filaments and Thin Filaments
70
What do Thick Filaments contain
* Composed mostly of the protein myosin
* Consist of two heads and two tails wrapped around each other
* Heads have binding sites for actin and ATP
71
What do Think filaments contain
* Contain protein actin, which is binding site for myosin heads
* Binding sites blocked by tropomyosin
72
in Skeletal muscle cells energy from ATP is used for what?
1. Cross-bridge detachment & recocking of the myosin head.
2. Ca++ pump
73
What is Acetylcholine destroyed by?
Acetylcholinesterase
74
What produces the Alpha and Beta cells in the Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
75
Where do the Adrenal Glands sit?
They sit on top of the kidneys
76
What do the Gonadotropins do and what are the 2 horomones associated with them
they regulate the function of the ovaries and testes.
FSH and LH
77
Where is the Thyroid gland located?
Right under the Larynx and Trachea
78
How many lobes are part of the Pituatary gland and what are they
2
The Anterior Lobe and the Posterior Lobe
79
shut off synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones
Inhibiting hormones
80
controls the thyroid, adrenal cortex and gonads
Anterior Pituatary hormones
81
stimulate synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones
Releasing hormones
82
Where is the Pituitary Gland located
Located below the hypothalamus and sits in the sella turcica.
83
What is the Pituitary Gland connected to the Hypothalamus by
infundibulum
84
Where is the Parathyroid Gland located
Posterior Thyroid
85
How many Glands of Parathyroid hormone do you usually have
4 but varies up to 8
86
Where is the Pineal Gland located
Located in the Brain
87
What does melatonin regulate
Sleep/wake cycle
