Lecture 4 Notes (Part 1)

Question 1

What did the book by WiIlliam McNeil, written in 1975 argue?

Answer 1

The infectious diseases have often been very important in the unfolding of historical events

Question 2

What type of approach was used to show the impact of infectious disease regionally and globally?

Answer 2

Global historical approach

Question 3

What was William McNeil one of the first to look at?

Answer 3

General historic patterns and how they were realted

Question 4

What was the time frame for paleolithic?

Answer 4

2.6my - 10,000bp

Question 5

How long ago was the herpes virus?

Answer 5

1-2 million years ago

Question 6

What was the time frame for neolithic?

Answer 6

10,000bp

Question 7

What era did glaciation end?

Answer 7

Neolithic

Question 8

What was the time frame for first civilizations?

Answer 8

5,000 bp

Question 9

Who kept records of epidemic diseases? (3)

Answer 9

1. Greek
2. Roman
3. Byzantium

Question 10

City states with increase density population allowed what to continue?

Answer 10

Transmission of childhood diseases like measles and mumps

Question 11

What was the time frame for the middle ages?

Answer 11

5th-14th century

Question 12

What started in 1348 in Central Asia and spread into Europe?

Answer 12

Black death pandemic

Question 13

What happened in the 10th century? (2)

Answer 13

1. Razes described the difference between measles and smallpox
2. Suggesting ways of treating smallpox that may have formed the basis for smallpox inoculation

Question 14

What was a major disease in 18th century Europe?

Answer 14

Smallpox

Question 15

What were newtonians generally supportive of?

Answer 15

Quantitative approach to the disease

Question 16

Inoculation

Answer 16

To treat with a vaccine

Question 17

Who was a key figure in the study of smallpox epidemics?

Answer 17

James Jurin (1684 - 1750)

Question 18

What did James Jurin provide the basis of through his study of smallpox inoculation?

Answer 18

Epidemiology

Question 19

What did James Jurin conclude about the death rate?

Answer 19

That the death rate was 1 in 6 cases with natural smallpox but 1 in 48 to 1 in 60 cases with inoculated (artificial) smallpox

Question 20

Where was the first clinical study ran?

Answer 20

Ran over several years in England in a hospital built specifically for the treatment of smallpox

Question 21

What did Bernouilli write about? (2)

Answer 21

1. Probability

2. Smallpox inoculation

Question 22

What did D’Alembert do?

Answer 22

Raised the ethical problem associated with with a purely mathematical evaluation of risk with inoculation

Question 23

What happened to vaccines during the industrial revolution?

Answer 23

Increased the output in the production

- allowed for the development of large scale vaccination

Question 24

Who was involved during the scientific revolution? (5)

Answer 24

1. Pasteur
2. Koch
3. Beijerinck
4. Winogradsky
5. Hansen

Question 25

What happened during 1948-1950?

Answer 25

Development of the first eukaryotic cell

Question 26

What happened in 1928-1945?

Answer 26

The discovery of first antibiotic | - penicillin

Question 27

What happened in 1960?

Answer 27

Miller discovered the difference between B and T lymphocytes

Question 28

What happened in 1968?

Answer 28

Resolution adopted by WHO for worldwide eradication of smallpox

Question 29

When was the last documented case of smallpox?

Answer 29

1980

Question 30

What do historical documents indicate?

Answer 30

Many epidemics and pandemics occurred in the past

Question 31

What are 2 good examples of historical documents of past epidemic events?

Answer 31

1. Plague of Athens | 2. Medieval Bubonic plague

Question 32

What was Thucydides book about?

Answer 32

A war between Athens and Sparta that lasted between -431 and -404

Question 33

Where was the origin of the plague disease? And where did it spread to?

Answer 33

1. Ethiopia | 2. Egypt, Libya and then Persia

Question 34

What are 7 symptoms of the plague?

Answer 34

1. Heat, headache, redness + inflammation of eyes, bloody throat and tongue, unnatural breath 2. Sneezing and hoarseness, chest pain, hard cough 3. Vomiting, violent spasms 4. Reddish, livid body with pustulates and ulcera 5. Internal burning feeling, unquenchable thirst 6. Death after 7-8 days in most cases 7. Violent bowel ulcerations, severe diarrhoea, left mark on extremities, loss of memory

Question 35

What did Thucydides say about natural immunity?

Answer 35

He said that once you got the disease you would not get it twice - made them feel like superheroes if they were able to survive