Midterm 2 - Notes 2 (Part 2)

Question 1

What are phylogenetic trees?

Answer 1

Tress that group organisms according to common properties

• fossils and genomes
• each species retains some characteristics of its ancestors

Question 2

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 2

Is used worldwide to consistently accurately name organisms

Question 3

Taxonomic hierarchy

Answer 3

A series of sub-divisions developed by Linnaeus to classify plants and animals

Question 4

Eukaryotic species

Answer 4

A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

Question 5

Prokaryotic species

Answer 5

A population of cells with similar characteristics

Question 6

Culture

Answer 6

Bacteria grown in laboratory media

Question 7

Clone

Answer 7

Population of cells derived from a single parent cell

Question 8

Stain

Answer 8

Genetically different cells within a clone

Question 9

Protista

Answer 9

A catchall kingdom for a variety of organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic
- grouped into clades based on rRNA

Question 10

Fungi

Answer 10

Chemo-heterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments

Question 11

Plantae

Answer 11

Multicellular; cellulose; no cell walls; undergo photosynthesis

Question 12

Animalia

Answer 12

Multicellular; no cell walls, chemo-heterotrophic

Question 13

What domain do viruses belong to?

Answer 13

NONE

Question 14

What do viruses require?

Answer 14

Host cells

Question 15

Viral species

Answer 15

Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niches

Question 16

Classification

Answer 16

Placing organisms in groups of related species

Question 17

Identification

Answer 17

Matching characteristics of an “unknown” organism to list of known organisms
- clinical lab identification

Question 18

What is the purpose of Bergey’s Manual?

Answer 18

It provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

Question 19

What are lab requisition forms used for?

Answer 19

Used to note types of specimens collected and tests to be conducted

Question 20

What is transport media used for?

Answer 20

Used to collect and transport pathogens to a lab

Question 21

What are morphological characteristics useful for?

Answer 21

Useful for identifying eukaryotes

- they tell a little about phylogenetic relationships

Question 22

What is differential staining?

Answer 22

It is gram staining

- acid fast staining

Question 23

What is differential staining not useful with?

Answer 23

Bacteria that has goes without a cell wall

Question 24

What do biochemical tests do?

Answer 24

They determine the presence of bacterial enzymes

Question 25

What is a benefit of rapid identification methods?

Answer 25

They perform several biochemical tests simultaneously

Question 26

Serology

Answer 26

The science that studies serum and immune responses in serum

Question 27

What are microorganisms?

Answer 27

Antigenic | - they stimulate the body to form antibodies in the serum

Question 28

What happens in an antiserum?

Answer 28

A solution of antibodies are tested against an unknown bacteria

Question 29

What happens in the slide agglutinaiton test?

Answer 29

Bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria

Question 30

What can serological testing do?

Answer 30

It can differentiate between species and strains within species

Question 31

ELISA

Answer 31

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

Question 32

What can ELISA do?

Answer 32

It takes known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium and adds them together in a well and the reaction identifies the unknown bacteria

Question 33

What does western blotting do?

Answer 33

It identifies antibodies in a patients serum

Question 34

Serum

Answer 34

An amber- coloured, protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates

Question 35

What are the 4 phases of ELISA?

Answer 35

1. Antibody is absorbed to the well 2. Patient sample is added; complementary antigen binds to antibody 3. Enzyme-linked antibody specific for test antigen is added and binds to antigen, forming a sandwich 4. Enzyme's substate is added, and reaction produces a product that causes a visible colour change