Midterm 2 - Notes 1 (Part 1)

Question 1

Sporadic disease

Answer 1

Disease that occurs only occasionally

Question 2

Endemic disease

Answer 2

Disease constantly present in a population

Question 3

Epidemic disease

Answer 3

Disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

Question 4

Pandemic disease

Answer 4

Worldwide epidemic

- based on a larger scale

Question 5

Acute disease

Answer 5

Symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only for a short amount of time

Question 6

What is an example of an acute disease?

Answer 6

Hepatitis A

Question 7

Chronic disease

Answer 7

Symptoms develop slowly

- infection with persistence that doesn’t have symptoms but can have very serious effects

Question 8

What is an example of a chronic disease?

Answer 8

Hepatitis C

Question 9

What can a chronic disease lead to?

Answer 9

Liver cancer

Question 10

Subacute disease

Answer 10

Intermediate between acute and chronic diseases

Question 11

What is an example of subacute disease?

Answer 11

Infections of the heart

Question 12

What are an examples of infections of the heart?

Answer 12

Straptococcus viradans

Question 13

Latent disease

Answer 13

Causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

Question 14

What is an example of a latent disease?

Answer 14

TB

Question 15

Herd immunity

Answer 15

Immunity in most of a population

- the majority of the people who are immune to the disease

Question 16

What do vaccines help to do?

Answer 16

They act as a shield from spreading the disease

Question 17

Local infection

Answer 17

Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

Question 18

What can local infections be treated with?

Answer 18

Antibiotics

Question 19

Systemic (generalized) infection

Answer 19

An infection throughout the body

- can potentially be problematic

Question 20

Focal infection

Answer 20

Systemic infection that began as a local infection

Question 21

What are 3 examples of a focal infection?

Answer 21

1. Staphylococcus aureas
2. Streptococcus pyogenes
3. Streptococcus group A

Question 22

What is staphylococcus aureas?

Answer 22

It is a staph infection

- causes boils from skin and soft tissues

Question 23

What is streptococcus pyogenes?

Answer 23

Skin infection

Question 24

Sepsis

Answer 24

Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria of their toxins, from a focus of infection

Question 25

Bacteremia

Answer 25

Bacteria in the blood

Question 26

Septicemia

Answer 26

Growth of bacteria in the blood

Question 27

What is septicemia also known as?

Answer 27

Blood poisoning

Question 28

What does septicemia need to be treated with?

Answer 28

Antibiotics

Question 29

Toxemia

Answer 29

Toxins in the blood

Question 30

Viremia

Answer 30

Viruses in the blood

Question 31

Primary infection

Answer 31

Acute infection that causes the initial illness

Question 32

Secondary infection

Answer 32

Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing infection)

Question 33

Subclinical infection

Answer 33

No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

Question 34

What are 11 predisposing factors for infection?

Answer 34

1. Gender 2. Inherited traits 3. Climate and weather 4. Fatigue 5. Age 6. Lifestyle 7. Nutrition 8. Chemotherapy 9. Human reservoirs 10. Animal reservoirs 11. Non living reservoirs

Question 35

What infection are females more susceptible to than males?

Answer 35

UTI

Question 36

What are 2 examples of an inherited trait?

Answer 36

1. Sickle cell gene | 2. Nramp 1

Question 37

Hantavirus

Answer 37

Is a lung infection that is transmitted by rodents | - the temp is what controls the abundance of the rodents which effects how effectively the disease gets spread around

Question 38

What does fatigue effect?

Answer 38

The readiness of the immune system

Question 39

Incubation period

Answer 39

Interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

Question 40

Prodromal period

Answer 40

Short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

Question 41

Period of illness

Answer 41

Disease is most sever here

Question 42

Period of decline

Answer 42

Signs and symptoms subside

Question 43

Period of convalescene

Answer 43

Body returns to its pre diseased state | - still a carrier and could potentially be a source of infection for someone else

Question 44

Human reservoirs

Answer 44

Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

Question 45

Animal reservoirs

Answer 45

Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans

Question 46

Non-living reservoirs (3)

Answer 46

1. Soil 2. Water (eg. e.coli outbreaks with water) 3. Food (eg. maple leaf and chicken outbreak) --> important sources of pathogens

Question 47

What are 3 types of contact transmission?

Answer 47

1. Direct contact transmission 2. Indirect contact transmission 3. Droplet transmission

Question 48

Direct contact transmission

Answer 48

Requires close association between the infected and the susceptible host

Question 49

What is an example of direct contact transmission?

Answer 49

Hugging (direct contact)

Question 50

Indirect contact transmission

Answer 50

Spreads to a host by a non-living agent called a fomite

Question 51

What is an example of indirect contact transmission?

Answer 51

Needles

Question 52

Droplet transmission

Answer 52

Transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

Question 53

What is an example of a droplet transmission?

Answer 53

Sneezing

Question 54

Vehicle transmission

Answer 54

Transmission by an inanimate reservoir - food borne - water borne - airborne

Question 55

What is an example of a food borne disease?

Answer 55

Campylobacteriosis - comes from chickens - most common symptom = diarrhea