Flashcards in Lecture 42 Deck (19):
1
Distinguish between carnitine, creatinine, creatine, and creatine phosphate.
Carnitine: essential for FA transport into mitochondria during lipolysis
Creatinine: waste product spontaneously formed from creatine
Creatine: two fates (creatinine or creatine phosphate)
Creatine phosphate: used to donate a phosphorus to ADP to regenerate ATP to fuel muscle contraction
2
Generation of creatinine starts out in the ___ from ____. The resulting metabolite is transported to the ____ where ____ and ____ contribute to the final product.
-Kidney
-Amino acids
-Liver
-S-adenosyl methionine (contributes methyl grp)
-Methionine
3
What nutritional supplement can be used to increase muscle power?
-creatine
4
What are the 3 muscle fiber types and what sort of metabolism do they support?
Type I; slow twitch; oxidative
Type IIB; fast twitch; glycolytic
Type IIA; fast twitch; glycolytic and oxidative
5
Indicate whether the following will be more prominent in Type I or Type II fiber types:
1. Myoglobin
2. Glycogen
3. Glycogen phosphorylase
4. Hexokinase
5. Triglyceride
6. Protein Turnover
7. Mitochondria
8. Blood Flow
9. Fatigue Resistance
10. Myosin ATPase activity
11. Contraction time
1. Type I
2. Type II
3. Type II
4. Type I
5. Type I
6. Type I
7. Type I has more
8. Type I has increase
9. Type I is more resistant
10. Type II has more
11. Type I is longer
6
___ development allows faster calcium control.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
7
True or False:
You are born with a specific muscle fiber type and this cannot be changed?
False: muscle fiber composition can change to some extent with training
8
Indicate whether the following will have predominantly Type I or Type IIB skeletal muscle fiber composition:
1. Greyhound
2. Mongrel
3. Quarterhorse
4. Thoroughbred
5. Elite distance runner
6. Sprinter
1. Type IIB
2. Type I
3. Type IIB
4. Type IIA
5. Type I
6. Type IIB
9
With training you can increase ___ of muscle fiber but not ____
-Size and diameter (hypertrophy)
-Number of fibers
10
True or False:
A slow twitch muscle can be converted to a fast twitch muscle by transplanting a nerve that previously innervated a fast twitch muscle.
True
11
Muscles used for powerful activities are enriched in ____ and have ____ conducting motor neurons. These fibers are highly ___ , poorly ____ and ____ is used very rapidly.
-Type II fibers
-Rapidly
-glycolytic
-oxidative
-creatine phosphate
12
True or False:
During high intensity exercise fatigue happens as a result of decreased ATP and glycogen.
False: ATP levels are relatively unchanged and glycogen is still plentiful. However build up of lactic acid and phosphate result in inhibition of myosin ATPase as well as PFK activity.
13
During low intensity exercise ____ fibers predominate. Free fatty acid delivery ____ and glycogen breakdown ____
Type I
Increases
Increases
14
How is FFA increased during low intensity exercise?
Adenylate cyclase activates PKA which in turn activates hormone sensitive lipase to break down triglycerides
15
___ dictates exercise duration.
Glycogen store
16
How is initial glycogen load increased?
Carbohydrate loading
17
Why is there a continued use of oxygen by muscle after activity is stopped (oxygen debt)?
-Must re-supply O2 to storage supplies in muscle as well as re-phosphorylate creatine
18
The heart is highly ____
Aerobic
19