Lecture 42 Flashcards

(19 cards)

1
Q

Distinguish between carnitine, creatinine, creatine, and creatine phosphate.

A

Carnitine: essential for FA transport into mitochondria during lipolysis

Creatinine: waste product spontaneously formed from creatine

Creatine: two fates (creatinine or creatine phosphate)

Creatine phosphate: used to donate a phosphorus to ADP to regenerate ATP to fuel muscle contraction

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2
Q

Generation of creatinine starts out in the ___ from ____. The resulting metabolite is transported to the ____ where ____ and ____ contribute to the final product.

A
  • Kidney
  • Amino acids
  • Liver
  • S-adenosyl methionine (contributes methyl grp)
  • Methionine
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3
Q

What nutritional supplement can be used to increase muscle power?

A

-creatine

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4
Q

What are the 3 muscle fiber types and what sort of metabolism do they support?

A

Type I; slow twitch; oxidative

Type IIB; fast twitch; glycolytic

Type IIA; fast twitch; glycolytic and oxidative

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5
Q

Indicate whether the following will be more prominent in Type I or Type II fiber types:

  1. Myoglobin
  2. Glycogen
  3. Glycogen phosphorylase
  4. Hexokinase
  5. Triglyceride
  6. Protein Turnover
  7. Mitochondria
  8. Blood Flow
  9. Fatigue Resistance
  10. Myosin ATPase activity
  11. Contraction time
A
  1. Type I
  2. Type II
  3. Type II
  4. Type I
  5. Type I
  6. Type I
  7. Type I has more
  8. Type I has increase
  9. Type I is more resistant
  10. Type II has more
  11. Type I is longer
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6
Q

___ development allows faster calcium control.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

True or False:

You are born with a specific muscle fiber type and this cannot be changed?

A

False: muscle fiber composition can change to some extent with training

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8
Q

Indicate whether the following will have predominantly Type I or Type IIB skeletal muscle fiber composition:

  1. Greyhound
  2. Mongrel
  3. Quarterhorse
  4. Thoroughbred
  5. Elite distance runner
  6. Sprinter
A
  1. Type IIB
  2. Type I
  3. Type IIB
  4. Type IIA
  5. Type I
  6. Type IIB
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9
Q

With training you can increase ___ of muscle fiber but not ____

A
  • Size and diameter (hypertrophy)

- Number of fibers

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10
Q

True or False:
A slow twitch muscle can be converted to a fast twitch muscle by transplanting a nerve that previously innervated a fast twitch muscle.

A

True

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11
Q

Muscles used for powerful activities are enriched in ____ and have ____ conducting motor neurons. These fibers are highly ___ , poorly ____ and ____ is used very rapidly.

A
  • Type II fibers
  • Rapidly
  • glycolytic
  • oxidative
  • creatine phosphate
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12
Q

True or False:

During high intensity exercise fatigue happens as a result of decreased ATP and glycogen.

A

False: ATP levels are relatively unchanged and glycogen is still plentiful. However build up of lactic acid and phosphate result in inhibition of myosin ATPase as well as PFK activity.

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13
Q

During low intensity exercise ____ fibers predominate. Free fatty acid delivery ____ and glycogen breakdown ____

A

Type I
Increases
Increases

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14
Q

How is FFA increased during low intensity exercise?

A

Adenylate cyclase activates PKA which in turn activates hormone sensitive lipase to break down triglycerides

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15
Q

___ dictates exercise duration.

A

Glycogen store

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16
Q

How is initial glycogen load increased?

A

Carbohydrate loading

17
Q

Why is there a continued use of oxygen by muscle after activity is stopped (oxygen debt)?

A

-Must re-supply O2 to storage supplies in muscle as well as re-phosphorylate creatine

18
Q

The heart is highly ____

19
Q

What substrates can the heart use to generate ATP and keep functioning?

A
  • KB
  • FFA
  • CM, VLDL, LPL
  • Glucose
  • Lactate
  • Pyruvate
  • Amino Acids
  • Oxygen (oxidative phosphorylation)