Lecture 43

Question 1

What organs are the highest ATP users?

Answer 1

-Liver, Brain, Muscle, Kidneys, Heart

Question 2

What is the most active organ? Which organ uses the most ATP/day?

Answer 2

• Kidney

- Liver

Question 3

How does obesity occur? What does this do to insulin sensitivity?

Answer 3

• Too long in the well-fed state. Stored fat is not completely utilized before re-feeding.
• Prolonged insulin secretion over time leads to reduced insulin sensitivity

Question 4

In what ways that insulin sensitivity can be reduced?

Answer 4

• Reduction in number of insulin receptors
• Reduction of affinity of insulin receptors (don’t recognize insulin at same insulin conc.)
• Reduced effectiveness of insulin signal transduction
• Production of hormones opposing insulin action (adipocytes)

Question 5

In dieting ___ signal is increased over time which stimulates ____. During dieting lipolysis is ___ while ____ is decreased.

Answer 5

• Glucagon
• Glucose production
• Increased
• Lipogenesis

Question 6

In a low carbohydrate diet ____ supplies protein resynthesis. ____ are used as a major fuel source which may result in ____.

Answer 6

• Amino acids
• Ketones
• Acidosis

Question 7

Type II diabetes is characterized by ____ which results in _____. This is due to ____.

Answer 7

• excessive insulin
• accumulation of blood glucose and high triglyceride levels
• Reduced insulin sensitivity

Question 8

How can type II diabetes be controlled?

Answer 8

Diet and exercise

Question 9

Type I diabetes is characterized by ___ and elevated _____ (4 things).

Answer 9

• Absence of insulin
• glycogenolysis
• gluconeogenesis
• lipolysis
• proteolysis

Question 10

In type I diabetes metabolites ____ and body can not make _____. Individuals have excessive _____ and are permanently stuck in ______.

Answer 10

• accumulate
• glucose
• ketone production
• starved state (no insulin brake)

Question 11

Indicate increase/decrease/no change:
a. Muscle glucose uptake during Type I diabetes is ___ relative to the healthy state

b. Adipose tissue lipolysis during type I diabetes is ___ relative to healthy state
c. Adipose tissue glucose and fatty acid uptake during type II diabetes is ___ relative to the healthy state
d. Insulin sensitivity during type II diabetes is ___ relative to the healthy state
e. Liver gluconeogenesis during dieting is ____ relative to a well-fed state

Answer 11

a. D
b. I
c. D
d. D
e. I

Question 12

During cancer the tumor has a continued demand for ____ and ____.

Answer 12

• glucose

- amino acids

Question 13

True or False:

Tumors can utilize fatty acids and ketones for energy.

Answer 13

False: only glucose and amino acids

Question 14

What transcription factor activated by tumors is responsible for activating genes to turn on glycolysis?

Answer 14

Hypoxia-inducible factor

Question 15

During anaerobic exercise muscle is utilizing it’s own ___ and converting it to ____. During aerobic exercise muscle can use _____ from liver and ____ from adipose tissue.

Answer 15

• glycogen
• lactate
• glucose
• Fatty acids
• Ketone bodies (generated in liver from FA)

Question 16

Indicate increase/decrease/no change:
a. Muscle proteolysis during the healthy state is ___ relative to cancer.

b. Adipose tissue lipolysis during cancer is ___ relative to the healthy state
c. Muscle fatty acid use during anaerobic exercise is ___ relative to aerobic exercise
d. Brain fatty acid use during anaerobic exercise is ___ relative to at rest

Answer 16

a. D
b. I
c. D
d. NC