Lecture 5 Flashcards
Global Mortality (31 cards)
In how many countries is cancer the 1st or 2nd leading cause of death?
91 out of 172 countries
How many new cancer cases and deaths were there globally in 2018?
18.1 million cases; 9.6 million deaths
What is the leading cause of cancer death globally (both sexes)?
Lung cancer (18.4%)
Which cancers follow lung cancer in global mortality?
Colorectal (9.2%), stomach (8.2%), liver (8.2%)
What is the projected global cancer burden by 2030?
~26 million new cases and ~17 million deaths
What % of cancer deaths occur in LMICs (low- and middle-income countries)?
65%
Why is cancer burden increasing in developing countries?
Aging populations, lifestyle changes (e.g., smoking, diet), and persistent infection-related cancers
What cancer care resources are often lacking in LMICs?
Prevention (vaccines/screening), diagnosis (imaging), and treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, drugs)
What proportion of the global population lacks access to safe, affordable surgery and anesthesia?
A significant proportion (2015 estimate), especially in LMICs
What is a major barrier in radiotherapy availability in developing nations?
High number of people per radiotherapy unit; services often absent.
What is survival used to measure in cancer epidemiology?
The overall effectiveness of cancer care systems
Where are colon and breast cancer survival rates highest?
Northern Europe, Australia/New Zealand, USA, and Canada
Where are survival rates lowest?
India, Thailand, Malaysia, Russia, some Central/South American and African countries
What is the annual economic cost of cancer in the UK?
£15.8 billion (including healthcare, productivity loss, and informal care)
What is the trend in cancer mortality and survival in the UK?
Mortality is declining; survival is improving
What inequalities persist in UK cancer outcomes?
Differences by socioeconomic status, region, race/ethnicity, and sex
How does deprivation affect cancer mortality and survival in the UK?
More deprived populations have higher mortality and lower survival rates
In how many common cancers is survival significantly lower for the most deprived men and women?
11/16 for men; 9/17 for women
Name 3 possible reasons for worse survival in deprived populations
Delayed diagnosis, limited treatment access, more comorbidities, more aggressive disease
Which cancers show the largest regional survival variation in the UK?
Stomach, lung, and oesophageal cancers
What is the standard measure used for comparing cancer survival across regions?
Age-standardised 1-year net survival (%)
What is EUROCARE and what does it track?
Tracks cancer survival in 29 European countries (107 registries)
What did EUROCARE reveal about colon cancer survival (2000–2007)?
Survival ranged from 61% (Central Europe) to 49% (Eastern Europe); UK was below average (52%)
What is the ICBP, and why was it established?
International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership; to investigate UK’s lower cancer survival
