Lecture 8 Flashcards
Primary prevention (40 cards)
What are ways of primary prevention?
Healthy lifestyle choices e.g. smoking drinking obesity and sun safety
Vaccines
Approach to modifty population level behaviour
In the UK, what odds of cancer are preventable?
1 in 4
What do WHO plan to do?
25% reduction of premature mortality from non-communicable disease by 2023
10% reduction in harmful alcohol use
30% relative reduction in prevalence of current tobacco use
How many people do non-communicable diseases kill a year and what percentage of those is cancer?
41 million, 23% cancer
What group carcinogen is tobacco?
1
What percentage of cancers in the UK is caused by smoking
15%
What are all forms of tobacco?
Cigarettes, bidis, cigars, cigarillos, kreteks, chuttas, snus and chewing tobacco
What does nicotine do regarding cancer?
inhibits apoptosis, stimulates cell growth and may function as a tumour promotor in lung epithelial cells
How many chemicals are in tobacco and how many are carcinogens?
8000 and at least 70
What are all the cancer types casually related to smoking? US surgeon general report?
Oropharynx
Larynx
Esophagus
Trachea, bronchus and lung
Acute myeloid leukemia
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Kidney and ureter
Cervix
Bladder
Colorectal
What factors may modify cancer risk from smoking?
Genetic factors may modify susceptibility across the entire spectrum of smoking initiation, addiction, carcinogen metabolism, DNA repair, and tumour suppression
Age at smoking initiation
Carcinogenicity of cigarettes, higher in unfiltered cigarettes
Interactions with asbestos, ionising radiation, alcohol consumption, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus and tuberculosis
20-30% increased cancer risk in non-smoking partners of those who smoke
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), commonly ‘vaping’: long term effects unknown but levels of carcinogens are significantly lower than tobacco smoke
Hookah/waterpipe: delivers similar chemicals to those found in combusted tobacco, though more smoke inhaled during a typical hookah session , hence intake is potentially higher
What year was adverts of cigarettes banned?
1965
What year were cigarette vending machines banned?
2011
When did tax begin to rise on cigarettes?
1980s
When did tobacco have to be banned from shop displays?
2015
When were menthol and skinny cigarettes banned?
2020
When were all packs regulated and standardised to remove branding
2016-2017
When was smoking banned in cars with children
2015
In 2020, how many cancer cases globally and in the UK were attributable to alcohol consumption?
4.1% and 3%
How many units of alcohol per week keeps cancer risk low
14
Drinking 1.25 units per day increases the risk of cancers by what?
Mouth and upper throat - 15%
Oesophagus - 25%
Breast (in women) - 7%
Liver - 4%
Bowel - 2%
How does alcohol cause cancer?
Damages cells and stops cells repairing the damage
Effects chemical signals which can make cells divide more often
Makes it easier for cells in our mouth and throat to absorb harmful chemicals
Information about quitting alcohol and cancer risk
Less evidence for alcohol than tobacco
Under reporting of alcohol consumption
Quitting alcohol consumption likely reduces cancer risk but takes longer for benefits to be seen
May take years to reduce to the risk of non-drinkers
Excess weight causes how many cancer cases per 20 people?
1
