Lecture 5

Question 1

What are the two memory types? Which is easier/harder?

Answer 1

Recognition memory is recognizing something as familiar/known, it is easier. Recall means retrieving knowledge and producing it, which is harder.

Question 2

What kind of memory do infants have?

Answer 2

Both recognition (demonstrated by prenatal learning experiences, and the habituation paradigm) and recall (babies engage in deferred imitation, even in early infancy. by 9 months they can remember a 24-hour delay, by 14 months a week-long delay.

Question 3

What three things account for developmental improvements in memory?

Answer 3

Improved basic processing (becomes more automatic), changes in memory strategies, and more world knowledge.

Question 4

What memory strategies do 2 year olds use?

Answer 4

DeLoache hiding big bird study, 18-24 month olds talk about big bird and point to and hover near the hiding place

Question 5

What memory strategies do preschoolers use?

Answer 5

4 year olds given a free-recall task, children were told they needed to remember 4 out of many toys played with. The group told to remember the toys played less, named the to-be-remember toys, and stared at them

Question 6

What memory strategies do older kids use?

Answer 6

Rehearsal: emerges spontaneously between 5 and 10, repeatedly naming or thinking about information that is to be remembered.
Organization: clustering items meaningfully, develops around 7-8 years

Question 7

What are two kinds of knowledge that influence memory?

Answer 7

• Content knowledge, if you have knowledge about a certain subject already you’ll be able to remember things from that subject better. Ex: expert chess players remember legitimate chess arrangements better than amateurs, but when arrangements are random they do no better
• Scripts: representation of typical sequence of events, like going to a. birthday. Can be both helpful and unhelpful

Question 8

What are examples of bad tactics in child forensic interviews?

Answer 8

repeated suggestions over long periods of time causes children to fantasize and actually believe their fantasies. therapist interviews are bad, assume child is withholding information because of an emotional block. kids internalize suggestions without telltale signs of lying, so it’s misleading.

Question 9

Do infants form perceptual categories?

Answer 9

Yes! Study done with 3-4 month olds habituated to cats, then shown a dog, they dishabituate.

Question 10

How does function influence categories children form?

Answer 10

-can override perceptual similarities
- highlighting perception helps override category errors (aka ball refers to all spheres)
- learning function helps kids remember categories
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Question 11

What characterizes essence as a categorical foundation?

Answer 11

Non-non-obvious, unchanging, generative

Question 12

What is a study that shows how kids think about psychological essentialism? (idea that natural things have essences)

Answer 12

• Keil experiment
• Three kinds of transformations:
o Natural to natural, across categories, and artifact to artifact
o All age groups agree that natural to artifact and artifact to artifact, but between 3 and 5 they change their idea about whether a natural thing can transform into another natural thing.

Question 13

What are three category hierarchies?

Answer 13

Superordinate level: furniture, basic level (chair) and subordinate level, (armchair)

Question 14

What are three basic categories that children start with?

Answer 14

people, animals and objects