Lecture 9 Flashcards
(12 cards)
What are the effects of process praise vs intelligence praise?
1) growth mindset - positively predicts academic achievement, buffers effect of poverty on achievement, reduces the effect of stereotype threat
2) fixed mindset - more risk adverse, competitive, more likely to cheat. (shown by study with 3 and 5 year olds where they guessed the card)
What are three ways you can praise effectively?
- give specific, not general
- sincere, not vacuous
- process oriented, not person oriented
What are the three stages of children’s self concept?
1) Categorical (4-7) i.e. I’m tall, I play baseball, I like to play by myself
2) comparative (8-11) I’m taller than most kids, I’m the best baseball player
3) interpersonal (12-15_ I’m so tall, other kids are jealous. I don’t have a lot of friends, so ppl think I’m weird.
(fourth level is beliefs, values and life plans)
What are four attributes of identity?
1) sense of self unity
2) continuity over time
3) sense of uniqueness
4) perceived by individual and recognized by others
What are Erikson’s two factors of identity formation?
1) crisis/exploration, when kids actively examine future opportunities, reexamine choices of parents, and search for alternatives.
2) commitment: to goals, values, beliefs, and future occupation they’ve adopted
What are James Marcia’s 4 patterns of identity status?
1) Identity Diffusion: no crisis, no commitment: overwhelmed by task of ID formation, might try different one’s on, cynical, avoidant
2) Foreclosure: no crisis, but premature commitment: adopt from parents
3) moratorium: crisis without commitment: in midst of identity crisis, exploring the issues
4) identity achievement: crisis and commitment : explored and are now actively pursuing goals
What are two examples of adolescent egocentric thought?
- imaginary audience
- personal fable
How does self esteem change over time?
- high in preschool years
- gradually declines during elementary school, more comparisons to others
- stabilized by late elementary school
- declines again when children move to middle school, change in social standing
What are mental health risk factors in adolescence - biological, environmental, and cognitive?
1) Brain development processes of increased transmission between certain areas and synapse reorganizing/pruning, rendering adolescent brains highly vulnerable to environmental experience, esp stressful/negative experiences.
2) abuse, neglect, bullying, psychosis, consumption of cannabis, being an immigrant in a culture with different cultural values, urban environment, parental mental illness.
3) adolescents are gaining new cognitive skills like taking other’s perspectives, future planning, ability to delay gratification, awareness of self, all lending tools of self reflection and what other’s think, places new pressures on developing person.
what are the three components that make up ‘the self’?
1) self concept: system made up of one’s thoughts/attitudes about oneself
self esteem: how one feels about oneself
identity: how others see one
Why might girls experience more depression than boys over time?
- girls express more internalizing emotions like sadness and anxiety before highschool
- puberty changes more difficult/vulnerable
- more affected by social chronic stress
- body image/cultural ideas
- more likely to ruminate, prevalent in ages 15+
What are some contributions of nature, nurture, and cognition to the development of depression?
1) elevated levels of cortisol, differences in brain structure/function, heredity
2) low parental sensitive, support, acceptance, high parental negativity, ACEs
3) unrealistic expectations about relationships, see self as cause of negative events, ruminate, but chicken or egg we don’t know
