Lecture 8 Flashcards
(12 cards)
How does a child’s understanding of gender develop over the first 8 of life?
- 6 months, prefer faces of same gender as caregiver, can match faces with voices based on gender
- 24 months, have gender stereotyped expectations about girl and boy toys
- 3 years, correctly identify their own gender (and that of others) and look for info relevant to their gender category
- age 6 gender “consolidation” (constancy?)
- 7 or 8, increased flexibility with understanding of gender
What does gender schema theory suggest about how kids relate to gendered information, and what is evidence to support this theory?
1) approach, investigate, and remember things in their category more than the other, which they will avoid, ignore, and forget.
2) gender consistent information told in stories is remembered better than gender inconsistent information, which gets ignored or distorted
- play with toys labeled for their gender even when these are typically neutral, happens more when there’s a child of opposite sex in the room
What are three ways that parents influence gender stereotypes?
1) conversation (talk to boys and girls about different things, 3x more likely to give causal relations of scientific exhibits to boys)
2) expectations (11 month olds crawling, mothers overestimated sons performance and underestimated daughter’s performance
3) attitudes (parents w traditional attitudes teach these stereotypes more. boys of mother with more egalitarian attitudes show more care towards babies.)
What are examples of how kids pick up on social influences of gender stereotypes?
1) notice what people do…. Santiago noticed most firefighters were men, and then he would say firemen
2) notice what people say, they say gendered stuff to kids
3) pay attention to media/advertising - gendered products/cartoons
What are the three main determinants of parenting style?
1) parental characteristics: their own personality, psychological health, memories of childhood/ their own parents behavior
2) child characteristics: age, sex, temperament, bi-directional influences: reciprocal influence between child and parent’s behaviors
3) larger contexts of stress and support: supportive contexts like extended family, siblings, community, friends with kids the same age, promote parental competence. stressful contexts hinder like marital conflict, poverty, occupational strain, loss of housing (“spillover” hypothesis: negative marital relations spill over into parent child relationship)
What are the 4 main styles of parenting?
Authoritative: Warm but demanding, results in happy self-reliant children with internal self control, high achieving, popular
Authoritarian:Low responsive and high demand, results in children who are more withdrawn/anxious, lower self esteem and internalization of problems, poorer grades, social rejection
Permissive: High responsive but low control, results in immature kids with low self control/reliance/achievement, impulsive, drugs
Rejecting-neglecting: Low responsive and demand, results in poor grades, lots of drugs, moody, difficult self regulation, aggression
What is other-oriented induction?
very effective form of discipline, focusing on effects of a behavior on other peoples as to why someone should or should not do something
Why is it hard to study the influence of friend groups?
because they group together according to age, sex, interest/activities and race/ethnicity, so it’s hard to study whether they influence each other or just flock together. also exhibit similar prosocial behavior, academics, antisocial behavior, popularity, etc.
How does the basis of friendships change from age 6-8 to age 9+? Why does this change occur?
From being based on shared activity/play/thinking in terms of costs/rewards to being sensitive to people’s needs, inequalities, taking care of one another, and sharing feelings.
This change occurs due to change in reasoning about friendships, changes in ability to take others’ perspectives.
What are three ways researchers look at gender development?
biological differences, cognitive motivational factors (learning roles thru observation/practice), and cultural factors 9relative status of men/women in society)
What are organizing vs activating influences of androgens (class of steroid hormones) on nervous system?
organizing: when certain sex-linked hormones affect brain differentiation and organization
activating: when fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels influence the contemporaneous activation of certain brain and behavioral responses
What is affiliation?
trait linked with girls: tendency to affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic, or supportive
