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MSK Exam 2 > Lecture 5: Cartilage Histolgy > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Cartilage Histolgy Flashcards

1
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Cartilage is a semi-rigid tissue made up of cells and a ECM . The ECM has collagen and elastin, both necessary for the survival of chondrocytes. It is provides support that is flexible and resilient. It has no nerves or lymphatics and is avascular.

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2
Q

What cells are found in cartilage?

A
  1. Chondroblasts are cells that make chondrocytes. Thus, they are mitotically active.
  2. Chondrocytes are mature cartilage cells that live in lacunae. They are surrounded by the matrix and help to maintain it.
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3
Q

What is the matrix of cartilage like?

A

The matrix is broken up into a [territorial and interterritorial matrix].

Fibers:

  1. Type II collagen, which is the most predominant.
  2. Type I collagen is located in fibrocartilage and outer perichondrium.
  3. Elastin is in elastic cartilage.

Ground substance is made up of proteoglycans: [hylauronic acid, chondriotin sulfate, keratin sulfate and aggrecan].

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4
Q

What is the most dominant fibers in the ECM of cartilage?

A

Type II collagen.

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5
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
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6
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage contains type II collagen and is surrounded by a perichondrium. It has lacunae with chondrocytes in them. 2 chondrocytes together are called an isogenous group.

It is a gel-like substance. Amorphous, but homogenous.

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7
Q

2 chondrocytes together are called an

A

isogenous group

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8
Q

Function of perichondrium

A

it acts like a girdle. when the cartilage bends, it does not snap or break.

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9
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A
  1. Articular cartilage (does not have a perichondrium)
  2. Larynx
  3. Trachea
  4. Ribs
  5. Embryonic development
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10
Q

Cartilage matrix can be divided into what two categories?

A
  1. Territorial matrix

2. Interterritorial matrix

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11
Q

Territorial matrix

A

The territorial matrix surrounds isogenous groups and contains type II collagen that is RANDOMLY arranged, but less than the interterritorial matrix. it has a high amount of glycoaminoglycans

Stains darker

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12
Q

Interterritorial matrix

A

The interterritorial matrix surrounds the territorial matrix. It has more collagen II and less proteoglycans.

Stains lighter.

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13
Q

Which stains darker: territorial matrix or the interterritorial matrix?

A

Territorial matrix.

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14
Q

The growing skeleton has a high amount of _________ cartilage.

A

Hyaline.

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15
Q

What is the perichondrium.

A

The perichondrium is DENSE IRREGULAR CT that surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage only. It is separated into two layers: fibrous layer and chondrogenic layer.

  • Has a vascular supply
  • Source of new cartilage cells.
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16
Q

Fibrous layer of the perichondrium

A

Outer layer that makes [type 1 collagen and elastin]. It is the transitional zone between cartilage and the surrounding connective tissue.

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17
Q

Chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium

A

Inner layer of the perichondrium that differentiates into chondroblasts and then secretes type II collagen.

Growth occurs here.

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18
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage is hyaline cartilage + elastic fibers in the matrix.

The elastic fibers allow for this type of cartilage to recoil and rebound.
It is surrounded by a perichondrium, thus, it retains shape when deformed.

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19
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage + [DENSE REGULAR CT] that does not have a perichondrium. The collagen are oriented in the direction of stress, so it makes the cartilage stronger in response to the direction of stress. Thus, it can withstand compression and shearing forces.

It has [type I and type II collagen], and less of a cartilage matrix.

Chondrocytes are lined up in rows and form isogenous groups.

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20
Q

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

A
  1. Appositional growth

2. Interstitial growth

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21
Q

What is appositional growth

A

New cartilage is made on the surface of existing cartilage. Undifferentiated cells of the perichondrium grow, widening the cartilage.

  • Chondrogenic cells located in the inner layer of the perichondrium make type 1 collagen.
  • After growth is initiated, cells will make chondroblasts which will make type II collagen and ground substance.
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22
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Interstitial growth causes cartilage to grow from cells that already exist in the cartilage mass. Increases length.

Inside the lacunae, chondrocytes divide and create new isogenous groups. This increases the mass of the cartilage.

Limited interstitial growth is limited because its avascular.

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23
Q

Interstitial growth is limited by what?

A

Bc cartilage is avascular.

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24
Q

Can cartilage be repaired easily?

A

No, because it is avascular.

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25
Q

When the perichondrium is involved in cartilage repair, what forms?

A

Repair cartilage, a intermediate between [hyaline and fibrous cartilage]. It has types 1 and 2 cartilage and can stimulate bone growth.

26
Q

What facilitates in the healing of bone fracture?

A

Repair cartilage

27
Q

The ability to repair is dependent on what?

A

Age.

28
Q

What are joints?

A

Where bone meets bone,

Bone meets cartilage

Bone meets teeth.

29
Q

How are stability and mobility of joints related?

A

The stability of a joint decreases as mobility increases.

30
Q

Synovial joints have what, to reduce friction so the joint moves smoothly?

A

Articular cartilage.

31
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage that lines the surface of bone to reduce friction. However, it does NOT have a perichondrium. It is avascular and lacks nerve supply.

32
Q

If articular cartilage is avascular, how does it get its nourishment?

A

Synovial fluid.

33
Q

What is a articular capsule?

A

An articular capsule outer fibrous layer that surrounds and strengthens the joint, made of [DENSE REGULAR CT]. It has 2 layers: [fibrous layer and synovial membrane.]

It has extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments.

34
Q

What kind of connective tissue is the articular capsule?

A

dense regular CT

35
Q

What are extrinsic ligaments?

A

Ligaments separate from the capsule.

36
Q

What are intrinsic ligaments?

A

Ligaments that are part of the fibrous capsule.

37
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

The synovial membrane is also called the synovium. It a [vascular connective tissue membrane] that lines the joint cavity, but not the articular cartilage.

38
Q

4 roles of the synovial membrane

A

Roles:

  1. lubricates the articular cartilage
  2. Makes synovial fluid
  3. Regenerates
  4. Absorbs shock
39
Q

What cells make up of the synovial membrane?

A

Synoviocytes.

A. Type A Macrophage-like synovial cells
B. Type B Fibroblasts like synovial cells

40
Q

Type A Macrophage-like Synovial Cells

A

Type A Macrophage-like Synovial Cells are one type of synoviocytes that [phagocytic]. They have lysosomes to clear the articular cavity of debris formed by friction.

They regulate inflammatory events.

41
Q

What percentage of the synovium are type A macrophage like synovial cells?

A

25%

42
Q

Type-B Fibroblast- like Synovial Cells

A

Lubricate and nourish the articular cartilage by making synovial fluid and hylauronate, which combines with the synovial fluid.

43
Q

Structure of articular cartilage

A 
Perpendicular collagen fibers bend to form an arc. This allows them to better respond to stressors.
Has 4 layers:
A. Superficial (tangential) zone
B. Intermediate (transitional) zone
C. Deep (radial zone)
D. Calcified zone
44
Q

Superficial zone of articular cartilage

A

Aka: tangential zone.

  1. Has small, flat chondrocytes that are parallel to the surface.
  2. Collagen fibers are parallel to the surface.
  3. No cells
45
Q

Intermediate zone of articular cartilage

A

Aka: transitional zone

  1. Chondrocytes are slightly bigger and round. They present both alone and in isogenous groups.
  2. Collagen runs obliquely.
46
Q

Deep zone of articular cartilage

A

Aka: radial zone

  1. Perpendicular radial columns of chondrocytes.
  2. Collagen fibers are arranged perpendicular as well.
47
Q

Calcified zone of the articular cartilage

A
  1. Located on the cortex of the bone

2. Stains darker.

48
Q

Osteoartthritis is also called

A

degenerative joint disease

49
Q

What is the pathology to osteoarthritis

A

Unknown, but related to aging and injury of the articular cartilage.

50
Q

Osteoarthritis is characterized by what?

A
  1. Chronic joint pain
  2. Joint deformity
  3. Destruction of the articular cartilage
51
Q

Osteoarthritis commonly affects what kind of joints?

A

Weight bearing joints: hips, knees, lower lumbar vertebra, hand and foot joints

52
Q

Early stages of osteoarthritis

A

superficial layer of the articular cartilage degenerates

53
Q

Late stages of osteoarthritis

A

The destruction of cartilage extends to the bone. The the exposed subchondral bone becomes a new articular surface.

Mobility decreases and pain increases.

54
Q

What does elastic cartliage look like?

A

It stains dark purple or black

55
Q

What does fibrocartliage look like

A

Hyaline cartilage + dense regular CT
Fibers are arranged in direction of stress
it has chondrocytes in isogenous groups that are arragned in a line

56
Q

type 1 cartliage is most abundant wher

A

fibrocartliage

outer layer of perichondrium

57
Q

What sweat glands are activated when we are nervous?

A

apocrine sweat glands

58
Q

Hair shaft is made up of the

A
  1. medulla
  2. Cortex
  3. Cutifule
59
Q

medulla of the hair shaft

A

middle part of the hair shaft

Made up of a column of loosely, large connected keratinized cells

60
Q

Cortex of the hair shaft

A

hard keratin intermediate filaments

61
Q

Cuticle of hair shaft

A

outermost layer of the hair shaft

made up of several layers of keratinzed squamous cells

MSK Exam 2 (23 decks)

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