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MSK Exam 2 > Lecture 8: The Integument > Flashcards

Lecture 8: The Integument Flashcards

1
Q

The skin creates what vitamin?

A

Vit D3

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2
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis

Hypodermis is subcutaneous fascia

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3
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous fascia

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4
Q

What kind of cells is the epidermis?

A

Keratonized stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

How many layers does the epidermis have?

A

The epidermis will have 4-5 layers of stratum, depending on if we are talking about thin or thick skin.

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6
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum corneus- most superficial
  2. Stratum lucidum (only seen in thick skin)
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale (deepest layer)
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7
Q

What layer of the skin is only found in THICK skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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8
Q

What layer of the skin is the most superficial?

A

Stratum corneum.

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9
Q

The epidermis is made up of what cells?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Merkel cells
  4. Langerhan cells
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10
Q

What are the two types of skin?

A
  1. Thick skin

2. Thin skin

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11
Q

Thick skin

A

Thick skin is found on your palms and soles. It has 5 layers (includes the stratum lucidum).

Has fingerprints

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12
Q

Thin skin

A

Thin skin is found everywhere on your body except the palms and soles. It has 4 layers (not the stratum lucidum).

Instead of fingerprints, it has glands and hair follicles.

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13
Q

How many uM is thick skin?

A

400-1400uM

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14
Q

How many uM is thin skin?

A

75-150uM

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15
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Stratum basale is a single layer of mitotically active keratinocytes with stem cells interspred. Thus, the cells we lose are replaced by cells from here.

Cells are a single layer of cuboidal/columnar and bound apically by desmosomes. Basally, they are bound by hemidesmosomes.

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16
Q

What cell type is the stratum basale?

A

A single layer of cuboidal/columnar with keratinocytes & stem cells that are mitotically active

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17
Q

How is the stratum basale bound apically?

A

Desmosomes

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18
Q

How is the stratum basale bound basally?

A

Hemidesmosomes.

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19
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Above the stratum basale.

The stratum spinosum is several layers thick with [polyhedral keratinocytes with spiny processes].

The stratum spinosum is the layer that thickens to form calluses and corns

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20
Q

What layer thickens to form calluses and corns?

A

Stratum spinosum

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21
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

The stratum granulosum is the thickest layer of the NON-KERATINIZED portion of the epidermis. It is irregularly shaped and can vary in size.

In this layer, the keratinocytes have keratohyalin granules.

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22
Q

What are keratohyalin granules

A

Granules released from the keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum layer.

They are [basophillic, histidine and cystine-rich] and the precursor to filigrin.

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23
Q

Stratum corneum

A

The most superficial layer of the epithelium. Keratinocytes here are anucleate and lost organelles so that they can fill up with MATURE keratin and form a water barrier.

This is the layer of cells we lose.

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24
Q

How many layers is the stratum corneum in THICK skin?

A

15-40.

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25
Q

How many layers is the stratum corneum in THIN skin?

A

10-20

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26
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Stratum lucidum is a subdivision of the stratum corneum. and is only seen in thick skin. It has no organelles or nuclei because keratinocytes have shed them.

It stains poorly; looking translucent.

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27
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

Keratinocytes are the main cell in the epidermis (85%).
They make keratin and form a water barrier by expelling all of their contents and filling with keratin. This processes is called cornification.

They also undergo desquamation.

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28
Q

When are keratinocytes fully cornified?

A

at the stratum corneum

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29
Q

What is desquamation

A

When keratinocytes are lost or shed.

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30
Q

Do keratinocytes change as we move up through the layers?

A

Yes.

As we become more superficial, there is an increase in keratin as a whole.

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31
Q

Keratinocytes in the basal cell

A

Keratinocytes in the basal layer begin to make keratin and group them into bundles called tonofibrils

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32
Q

Keratinocytes in the spinous cells

A

Keratinocytes in the spinal layer continue to make keratin and begin to make

[keratohyalin granules and glycolipid-containing lamellar bodies]

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33
Q

Importance of the glycolipid-containing lamellae bodies.

A

They help form the water barrier.

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34
Q

Keratinocytes in the granular layer

A
  1. Keratinocytes will then expel the lamellar bodies to help create a water barrier between the [stratum corneum and stratum granulosum].
  2. Keratinocytes have keratohyalin granules with filaggrin..
  3. Keratinocytes now become cornified (losing nucleus and organelles)
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35
Q

What is filiaggrin?

A

Filaggrin promotes the aggregation of tonofibrils to begin to make keratin filaments.

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36
Q

Keratination and desquamation are ____ dependent

A

pH. Thus, as the layers become more superficial they become more ACIDIC.

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37
Q

How do we replace epidermal cells?

A

Stem cells in stratum basale will divide and move upwards into keratinized cells.

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38
Q

Melanocytes

  1. Where are they derived from?
  2. Where are they located?
  3. What do they do?
A

Neural crest

Stratum basale

ONE melanocyte will create melanin and transfer it to 36 keratinocytes

39
Q

What is melanin

A

a pigment protein that protects the nuclei from UV radiation

40
Q

Melanocytes

A

One melanocytes will create melanin and transfer it to 36 keratinocytes. They are derived from neural crest and located in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis.

41
Q

How is melanin made?

A

[Tyrosine] is oxidized into [DOPA] via tyrosinase, an enzyme that is sensitive to UV.

[DOPA] is then polymerized into [melanin].

42
Q

How is tyrosinase activated?

A

UV.

Thus, in sunlight; Tyrosine–> DOPA and then DOPA is polymerized into melanin.

43
Q

Where is melanin made?

A

The reactions begin in premelanosomes.

As more melanin is made, they will become melanosomes. Melanosomes will extend into cells and transfer the melanin to keratinocytes in a process called pigment donation.

44
Q

Difference between premelanosomes.

A

Melanin production begins in premelanosomes.
Once the melanin is made, it will become a melanosome, which will then extend into the cell and donate the melanin to keratinocytes in a process called pigment donation.

45
Q

How is melanin transferred from melanosomes to keratinocytes?

A

pigment donation (PHAGOCYTosis)

46
Q

Langerhan cells

A

Langerhan cells are antigen-presenting cells (APC) that defend against pathogens. They are derived from monocytes.

When an antigen is detected, langerhan cells will phagocytize it present it on the surface. They will then migrate to a lymph node and activate T-lymphocytes.

47
Q

What part of the epithelium are langerhan cells found?

A

Stratum spinosum.

48
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

Merkel cells are cells in the epidermis that give us cutaneous sensation in our fingertips and body by associating with a nerve ending.

49
Q

Where are merkel cells found?

A

Stratum basale

50
Q

Merkel cell carcinoma

A

MCC is rare but aggressive skin cancer where merkel cells undergo uncontrolled proliferation.

51
Q

Where is the dermis-epidermal junction

A

Dermis is located underneath the stratum basale.

52
Q

What is the dermal-epidermal junction?

A

Contact of the dermis and epidermis.

It is wavy, except in thin skin. These waves are due to projections called dermal papillae, which extend into the epidermis. Epidermis also sends protrusions called epidermal (rete) ridges, which tie them together

53
Q

Waves of the dermal-epidermal junction are due to what?

A

Projections from the dermis called dermal papillae and extensions from the epidermis called epidermal (rete) ridges.

54
Q

Is the dermal-epidermal junction one size?

A

No. It increases in size where there is mechanical stress.

55
Q

What kind of junctions help the dermal-epidermal junction?

A

Hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions.

56
Q

Will the skin have a bigger dermal-epidermal junction on your hands or back?

A

Hands because there is more mechanical stress there.

57
Q

What kind of tissue is the dermis?

A

Dense- irregular CT

58
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary layer

2. Reticular layer

59
Q

Papillary layer of the dermis

A

The papillary layer is the most superficial layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis. Includes the dermal papilla and dermal ridges.

It is [loose CT] that has [thinner collagen and elastic fibers]. Also has [vasculature] and [nerve endings]

60
Q

Reticular layer of the skin

A

Sits below the papillary layer.

  • [dense irregular CT] and less cellular.
    -type 1 collagen and elastic fibers
    -Collagen forms regular lines of tension called
    Langer lines
61
Q

In the reticular layer, collagen forms regular lines of tension called what?

A

Langer lines.

62
Q

What kind of cuts are best for c-section?

A

horizontal so that they can follow the langer lines.

They’re important for surgery.

63
Q

Hypodermis

A

Hypodermis is subcutaneous fascia made up of adipose tissue (panniculus adiposus) that varies in thickness.

It stores NRG and insulates and has arrector pili muscles that help hair stand up.

64
Q

Is the hypodermis all one thickness?

A

No, it depends on the body region

65
Q

What part of the skin has errector pilli muscles that help hair stand?

A

Hypodermis

66
Q

Meissner Corpuscle purpose

A

Meissner Corpuscles are touch receptors that are sensitive to low-frequency stimuli (braile)

67
Q

What to meisner corpuscle look like

A

Tapered cylinders perpendicular to the surface of the skin

68
Q

Where are meissner corpuscle located

A

Dermal papillae, below the epidermis

69
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle purpose

A

detect [pressure and vibration] via a myelinated nerve ending in the middle.

70
Q

Pacinian corpuscle shape

A

large, oval, onion

71
Q

Where are pacinian corpuscles found

A

Deep dermis and hypodermis

72
Q

What is merocrine (eccrine) secretion?

A

The secretion is delivered via membrane bound vesicles to the surface. Contents are released via exocytosis.

73
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

Cells will fill up with secretion and then undergo apoptosis, releasing the contents

74
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

The apical portion of a cell pinches off and delivers the secretion.

surrounded by cytoplasm and plasma membrane

75
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

Sabeceous glands are found in the hair follicles on your face and scalp.

76
Q

What do sebaceous glands make?

A

Sebum (a lipid mixture) and release it via holocrine secretion.

this lubricates and softens our skin and makes it waterpoof

77
Q

How is sebum released?

A

Holocrine secretion. Goes into the infundibulum (hair follicle) and forms a [pilosebaceous canal].

78
Q

Another word for sweat glands

A

sudoriferous glands

79
Q

What kind of sweat glands do we have

A
  1. Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

2. Apocrine sweat gland

80
Q

Where are (merrocrine) eccrine sweat glands found?

A

everywhere on the body except lips and external genitelia

81
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

These are activated during puberty.
found in axilla, nipple, external genitilia
ear canal

82
Q

Eccrine sweat gland purpose

A

thermoregulation.

83
Q

____________ cells help to expel secretions in eccrine sweat glands

A

myoepithelial

84
Q

Apocrine sweat glands use ________ secretion

A

merocrine secretion to secrete proteins, carbs and ammonia that is odorless until mixed with bacteria

85
Q

____________ cells help to expel secretions in apocrine sweat glands

A

myoepithelial

86
Q

Follicular bulge of hair follicle

A

near where the arrector pili muscle is located and contains the epidermal stem cells

87
Q

hair matrix

A

matrix cells that divide and differential for hair to grow

88
Q

infundibulum of hair

A

extends from the opening of the surface to opening of the sebaceous gland

89
Q

lunula

A

white near nail matrix

90
Q

nail root

A

most proximal region that covers the nail matrix

91
Q

nail matrix

A

where stem cells divide and form keratinocytes.

92
Q

nails are what type of cells`

A

highly keratininized cells on epidermis (nail bed)

93
Q

what is the epidermal-melanin unit

A

one melanocyte associates with 36 keratinocytes

MSK Exam 2 (23 decks)

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