Lecture 5: Hematology & Immunity Flashcards
(36 cards)
Erythrocytes have no _____, have _______, and work to transport ____ and ____.
Nucleus, hemoglobin, O2, CO2
Leukocytes are _____ and are generally _____ cells. Platelets have no ______ and allow ______.
Nucleated, immune, nucleus, clotting
What causes reduced hematocrit (lower RBCs in centrifuge)?
Anemia, vitamin deficiency
What causes increased hematocrit (higher RBCs in centrifuge)?
Polycythemia, dehydration, high altitude/smokers
Why is type O blood the “universal” donor
It has no surface antigens that will trigger an immune response in recipients of different blood types
Which antibodies in plasma are present in A, B, AB, and O blood types?
A = anti-B antibodies
B = anti-A antibodies
AB = no antibodies
O = anti-A and anti-B antibodies
What antigens are present on type A, B, AB, and O blood?
Each blood type has its respective antigen on it. O blood has NO antigens.
Hemoglobin is made of 4 __________ chains. It has one ___ ______ attached to each chain. Each of these has one ___ ion that can combine with oxygen.
Polypeptide. Heme pigment. Iron.
Red blood cells cannot repair due to lack of _____. ________ in the liver/spleen/BM _______ worn out RBCs and break apart __________.
Organelles, macrophages, phagocytose, hemoglobin
When broken down, what does globin contain? What does heme contain?
Globin = amino acids
Heme = iron, non-iron (biliverdin to bilirubin)
What happens when bilirubin travels to the liver? What molecule is it called once it enters the GI tract?
Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid and can be released into bile. Bilirubin diglucuronide.
What is bilirubin diglucuronide converted to in the large intestine? What does it break down into?
Converted by bacteria into urobilinogen. Urobilin –> urine. Stercobilin –> feces.
The skin is composed of tightly packed cells, ________ layer of ____ cells.
Keratinized, dead
What does sebum do as a mechanical barrier? Lysozyme? Dermcidin?
Sebum = inhibit growth of bacteria
Lysozyme (sweat) = digest bacterial walls
Dermcidin (sweat) = bind bacterial membranes & create holes
What do damaged cells do during acute inflammation? Normal cells?
Damaged = indicate something is wrong, release interferons
Normal cells = PRRs activate inflammation
What do macrophages release during acute inflammation?
Chemokines/cytokines
What are the two ways of communication between immune cells?
Ligand bonding
Physical bonding
What are two examples of endothelial activating mediators? What produces them?
Leukotrienes, prostaglandins. Produced by macrophages
What are the first immune cells to activate acute inflammation? What comes next?
Neutrophils. Monocytes –> macrophage
Describe the 3 main phagocytes.
Neutrophils: 1st to arrive
Monocytes: attracted to chemokines, become macrophages
Dendritic: tissue resident or move into tissue
How do phagocytes know which cell is a pathogen?
Use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to see special PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)
Why are dendritic cells so special?
They activate T/B cells. They process pathogen (phagocyte), and present parts of it on surface (APC). Present the pathogen to T helper cell.
How do NK cells work?
Found in blood/tissues, attack cancerous/infected cell. Kill via perforin and granzyme.
What are the 5 phases of the adaptive immune response?
- antigen recognition
- activation of T/B cells
- elimination
- decline of effector cells
- develop memory
