Lecture 5 - Inflammation, Chemical Mediators

Question 1

mediators for vasodilation

Answer 1

PGE2, Histamine, NO

Question 2

Mediators for vascular permeability

Answer 2

1. histamine
2. C3a, C5a
3. bradykinin
4. leukotriens C4, D4, E4, PAF

Question 3

mediators of chemotaxis/activation

Answer 3

1. chemokins (IL8
2. C5a
3. LTB4
   4 microbial products
4. fibrinopeptides

1-3 are POTENT CHEMOTAXIS for neuts

Question 4

mediators of fever

Answer 4

IL1, TNF alpha, PGE2

Question 5

mediators of pain

Answer 5

bradykinin and PGE2

Question 6

Mediators of tissue damage

Answer 6

lysosomal enzymes, oxygen radicals

Question 7

__ is where one mediator can stimulate release of other mediators, mediators functions also __

Answer 7

amplifcation, overlap/redundant

Question 8

what is important fact about mediators that is important in down regulating them

Answer 8

short lived

Question 9

hageman factor (12) activates __

Answer 9

prekallikrein to kallikrein

Question 10

kallikrein cleaves kininogen to __

Answer 10

bradykinin (remember kallikrein also activates plasmin for fibrionlysis)

Question 11

__ acts to vasodilate, increase vascular permeability (leaky vessels), stimulates free nerve endings for PAIN, smooth muscle contraction

Answer 11

bradykinin

Question 12

__ is complement fragment that is important for CHEMOTAXIS of neutrophils, mast cell degranulation, increased vascular perm

Answer 12

C5a

Question 13

__ is complement fragment that increases vascular permeability

Answer 13

C3a (AND C5a)

Question 14

__ is the most potent chemotaxtic substance for neutrophils

Answer 14

C5a

Question 15

thrombin acts on fibrinogen to conver to fibrin and fibrinopeptides that are __

Answer 15

chemotaxtic for neuts and macs

Question 16

Hageman factor (12) allows formation of __ and __ mediators and __ chemotaxins

Answer 16

bradykinin, C3a, fibrinopeptides

Question 17

3 mediators from plasma

Answer 17

bradykinin, complement fragments, fibrionpeptides

Question 18

what are the vasoactive amines

Answer 18

histamine and serotonin

Question 19

sources of histamine

Answer 19

mast cells, basophils, platelets

Question 20

histamine’s actions

Answer 20

vasodilation, increased venular perm, bronchial/smooth muscle contraction

Question 21

leukotrienes (LTB) and prostaglandins are metabolites of

Answer 21

arachidonic acid

Question 22

__ is important simulator of PAIN and inducer of FEVER

Answer 22

PGE2

Question 23

__ and __ are cycloooxygenase products of arachdonic acid that increase vascular flow and perm = leaky vessels

Answer 23

PGE2 and PGD2

Question 24

__ causes smooth m contraction in some tissues

Answer 24

PGD2

Question 25

__ is one of the MOST POTENT neutrophil chemotaxis substances

Answer 25

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)

Question 26

Leukotriene B4 is chemokinesis for

Answer 26

macrophages

Question 27

leukotrienes __ __ __ increase vascular perm and cause smooth m contraction

Answer 27

C4/D4/E4

Question 28

cytokine __ comes from T cells and NK cells and is stimulated by Ag in early immune response to UPREGULATE/activate MACS

Answer 28

IFN gamma (important in type 4 hypersensativity)

Question 29

Cytokine __ comes from macs, fibroblasts, and resident cell/tissue and is stimmulated by endotoxin, bacteria, virus, protozoa, and toxins to stimulate ENDOTHELIAL cell activity

Answer 29

TNF alpha

Question 30

how does TNF alpha stimulate endothelial cell activity for leukocyte migration

Answer 30

upregulates E selectin and increases thrombogenicity

Question 31

__ chemokines are chemotactic for neutrophils and endothelial cells

Answer 31

CXC (IL8 or CXCL8, PF4)

Question 32

__ chemokines are chemotactic for lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils

Answer 32

CC (MIP or CCL3, CCL5, CCL11)

Question 33

EXAM: __ is highly chemotactic for neutrophils = one of the MOST POTENT for neutrophils (along with C5a and Leukotrein B4!!!)

Answer 33

CXCL8 or IL8

Question 34

__ chemokines bring in neutrophils

Answer 34

CXCL8 or IL8

Question 35

3 chemokines that bring in monocytes, macs, and t-lymphocytes

Answer 35

1. CCL3/MIP 2. CCL5/RANTES 3. CCL7/MCP-3

Question 36

chemokine that brings in eosinophils (allergies and parasites)

Answer 36

CL11/Eotaxin

Question 37

__ is hallmark of chronic inflammation

Answer 37

fibrosis (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, collagen)

Question 38

What inflammatory cells predominate in chronic inflammation

Answer 38

macs, lymphocytes, plasma cells (+/- neuts)

Question 39

__ inflammation is dominated by macrophages

Answer 39

granulomatous

Question 40

__ is a compact and organized collection of mononuclear inflammatory cells dominated by macs

Answer 40

granuloma

Question 41

do all granulomatous inflammation lead to granuloma formation

Answer 41

no

Question 42

what stimulates granulomatous inflammation

Answer 42

1. things that resist lysosomal degradation and/or 2. induce T cell hypersensitivity stimuli: inert particles (silica), lipids, waxes, resistant microorgs (mycobacteria and fungi), high molec wt, Ag inducing T cell hypersensitivity

Question 43

5 cells involved in granulomatous inflammatory reaction

Answer 43

1. monocytes 2. macrophages 3. epitheloid cells 4. multinucleated giants 5. t lymphocytes

Question 44

3 types of granulomatous inflamm reactions

Answer 44

1. granulomatous inflammation (macs +/1 epithelioid cells, giant cells 2. gimple granulomas (compact organized granulomatous inflamm cell exudate) 3. complex granulomas (granuloma with centra necrosis +/- calcification)

Question 45

what is the difference between simple and complex granuloma

Answer 45

complex granulomas have central necrosis +/- calcification

Question 46

__ hypersensitivity is cell mediated by CD4 nad CD8 T-cells (tuberculosis, contact dermatitis, transplant regection)

Answer 46

type 4

Question 47

cytokine important in activating macrophages to form epithelioid or giant cells during type 4 hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 47

IFN gamma (released by T cell)