Lecture 8 - Disturbances of growth (Dr. Craft)

Question 1

__ disturbances of growth are in utero or during growth

Answer 1

developmental

Question 2

__ disturbances of growth can be reversible (non-neoplastic) or irreversible changes (neoplastic)

Answer 2

aquired

Question 3

__ is the complete absence of an organ and associated primordium

Answer 3

agenesis

Question 4

__ is the absence of an organ due to failure of growth of the existing primordium

Answer 4

aplasia

Question 5

__ is the absence of an opening, usually of a hollow organ

Answer 5

atresia

Question 6

__ is failure to develop to normal size

Answer 6

hypoplasia

Question 7

hypoplasia can be secondary to in utero viral infection, give 2 examples

Answer 7

cerebellar hypoplasia and Feline panleukopenia virus

Question 8

congenital dsyhormonogenetic goiter is an example of

Answer 8

hyperplasia

Question 9

give 3 examples of aplasia discussed

Answer 9

1. SCID foals (Arabian)
2. Calf epitheliogenesis imperfecta/aplasia cutis
3. bovine segmental uterine aplasia
4. canine segmental aplasia of epididymis

Question 10

Why is SCID in arabian foals an example of aplasia

Answer 10

it is a lymphoid aplasia, lack lymphocytes but have the precursors to make them

Question 11

what is the condition where a calf has exposed dermis and lacks skin in a certain region due to no it just not being produced there (aplasia)

Answer 11

aplasia cutis or calf epitheliogenesis imperfecta

Question 12

example of atresia in pigs

Answer 12

atresia coli (right side is the distal terminal colon)

Question 13

hypoplasia is most commonly caused by __ in vet med

Answer 13

in utero viral infections (FIP, BVD)

Question 14

example of hypoplasia effecting teeth

Answer 14

enamel hypoplasia

developmental is most common but can be viral induced (canine distemper) or caused by hyperthermia

Question 15

viral induced hypoplasia in cat

Answer 15

cerebral hypoplasia from feline panleukopenia virus

Question 16

viral induced hypoplasia in cow

Answer 16

cerebrellar hypoplasia from bovine viral diarrhea

Question 17

example of hypoplasia in yearling ram

Answer 17

small testicles

Question 18

cosmetic hypoplasia in lamacha goats

Answer 18

auricular hypoplasia (small ears)

Question 19

__ are reversible functional and structural responses to changes in physiologic stress (pregnancy) and some pathologic stimuli

Answer 19

adaptations

Question 20

5 ways tissues adapt

Answer 20

1. hypertrophy
2. hyperplasia
3. atrophy
4. metaplasia
5. dysplasia

Question 21

__ is increase in CELL SIZE resulting from increased production of cellular proteins, often in response to increase __

Answer 21

hypertrophy, workload (pregnancy, cardiac hypertrophy)

Question 22

what is the main cellular adaption in cells not capable or with limited ability for cell division (cardiac myocytes)

Answer 22

hypertrophy

Question 23

tissues (other than the heart) that undergo hypertrophy are often accompanied by ___ too

Answer 23

hyperplasia

Question 24

what is the only congenital heart issue discussed that is an example of hypertrophy (others were aquired, not congenital)

Answer 24

tetralogy of fallot

Question 25

pulmonic stenosis, hypertension, hyperthyroidism can all cause the heart to

Answer 25

hypertrophy (increase cell size)

Question 26

__ is an increase in CELL NUMBERS, cells that undergo this must be able to __

Answer 26

hyperplasia, divide (endometrium, liver, BM)

Question 27

excess or inappropriate actions of hormones or GF causing hyperplasia is an example of physiologic or pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 27

pathologic | an enlarged utter for milk would be physiologic

Question 28

The burrowing parasite Ostertagia causing "moroccan leather" in bovine abomassum causes __

Answer 28

gastric gland hyperplasia (characteristic "bumps")

Question 29

bovine __ can cause lesions of hyperplasic mucosal epithelial cells on the tongue and esophagus (bumps, lumps)

Answer 29

papillomavirus

Question 30

__ are nodules of hyperplastic regenerating hepatocytes and fibrosis as resulting in hepatic loss

Answer 30

cirrhosis (bubbly nodular liver)

Question 31

Incidental findings of nodular hyperplasia on liver and pancreas can be confused with _ on US

Answer 31

Neoplasm (hyperplasia is controlled growth, the "normal" architecture is still present)

Question 32

lymphoid hyprplasia in dog urinary bladder

Answer 32

chronic follicular cystitis (from chronic inflammation like diabetes

Question 33

what is normal response to LN fighting infection

Answer 33

lymphoid hyperplasia

Question 34

__ is hormone driven and make a good place for bacteria to hid in the uterus = potential pyometra

Answer 34

cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Question 35

__ is a dz where hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur causing a granular appearance to the stomach due to an unknown cause. Mass effect causes block of pylorus. clinical signs include wt loss, diarrhea, vomiting, hypoproteinemia. seen in beagles, boxers, bull terriers, basenji.

Answer 35

chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy

Question 36

__ dz in dogs caused by a primary pituitary adenoma that increases ACTH causing bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Answer 36

cushing's

Question 37

__ is decreased cell and organ size caused by disuse or decrease in nutrient supply, loss of endocrine stimulation, or pressure.

Answer 37

atrophy

Question 38

atrophy can progress to cell death by

Answer 38

apoptosis

Question 39

german shepards are the poster child for

Answer 39

exocrine pancreatic atrophy

Question 40

__ is caused by co-infection of bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasturella multocida

Answer 40

atrophic rhinitis (loss of nasal turbinates)

Question 41

__ is condition in horse caused by recurrent laryngeal neuropathy effecting the LEFT cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.

Answer 41

laryngeal hemiplasia/roaring = atrophy

Question 42

__ causes renal cortical and medullary atrophy

Answer 42

hydronephrosis

Question 43

pituitary adenoma causes lack of hormone secretion = __

Answer 43

adrenal gland atrophy

Question 44

___ caused by giving too much corticosteroids = decrease use of coritcal cells = atrophy (very thin adrenal cortex)

Answer 44

iatorgenic hyperadrenocorticism

Question 45

__ is reversible change in phenotype of different cells in resonse to chronic irritation (ie. columnar to squamous epithlieum)

Answer 45

metaplasia (if it is not reversible then it's neoplasia)

Question 46

__ is disordered growth, loss of uniformity of cell and loss of orientation, pleomorphism (variation in shape and size), increased mitoses

Answer 46

dysplasia

Question 47

dysplasia is most common in __ tissue

Answer 47

epithelial

Question 48

if a dysplasia is full thickness (= NOT REVERSIBLE) but does not extend past the basement membrane then it's called

Answer 48

carcinoma in situ (dysplasia "flirting" with neoplasia)

Question 49

Can a full thickness dysplasia be reversed

Answer 49

NO, it's a tumor now

Question 50

dysplasia may be precursor to __ transformation

Answer 50

malignant

Question 51

dysplasia is __ if it is not full thickness and the inciting cause is removed

Answer 51

reversible